外源Mo降低As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)对水稻的毒性及As的积累

通过溶液培养试验,研究外源添加Mo对2种价态砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ))胁迫下水稻吸收积累Mo和As的影响。结果表明,这2种价态的As对水稻生长均有抑制作用,As(Ⅲ)比As(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,添加Mo可缓解As对水稻的毒害。As添加可影响水稻根系和茎叶对Mo的吸收积累,但是不同价态As对Mo积累量的影响不一致。同时,Mo的添加也可以显著地降低水稻根系和茎叶对2个价态As的吸收积累。在100μmol·L~(-1)As(Ⅲ)处理下,添加0.1和0.5 mg·L~(-1)的Mo可导致水稻根系As积累量分别比对照处理降低38.8%和52.8%,茎叶As积累量分别降低5.1%和10.6%;当As(V)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加0.1和0.5 mg·L~(-1)的Mo可导致水稻根系As积累量分别比对照处理降低15.4%和62.4%,茎叶As积累量分别降低11.9%和23.7%。Mo的添加还能显著地降低2种价态As在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数。因此,通过施用适量的Mo肥可以用来防治农田As污染,降低As对人体健康的危害。     

外源钙对两种价态锑胁迫下水稻幼苗吸收积累锑和钙的影响

通过溶液培养试验,研究外源钙对两种价态锑[Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)]胁迫下水稻吸收积累锑和钙的影响。结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(III)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,施Ca可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害。Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加对水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Ca影响不一致。当溶液中的Ca浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1时,添加三价Sb 10和30μmol·L-1均可以显著地降低水稻茎叶中的Ca含量15.7%和49.4%,但是添加Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为30μmol·L-1时,却分别提高水稻茎叶和根系Ca含量26.2%和50.4%。Ca的添加可以显著地降低水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累。在30μmol·L-1Sb(III)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低19.0%-79.4%和42.6%-71.8%;在30μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低34.3%-70.6%和74.1%-84.6%。Ca的添加对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响。综上所述,可以通过施用Ca肥来防治农田Sb污染,降低Sb对人体健康的危害。     

外源褪黑素对As3+胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

研究添加外源褪黑素对As³⁺胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明添加外源褪黑素能促进As³⁺下水稻种子的萌发，提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率，促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，添加100 μmol L^-1褪黑素使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性，并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，添加50 μmol L^-1和100 μmol L^-1褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%，CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%，SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%，丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻的根系活力，当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，50、100 μmol L^-1褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As³⁺胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害，有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏，显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

水稻根系吸收砷的动力学特征及硅的缓解机制（Uptake Kinetics of Arsenic Species in Two Genotypes of Rice Plants and Mitigatory Mechanism of Silicon）

采用室内模拟的方法,研究了两种基因型水稻(硅突变体和野生型)根系吸收As的动力学特征以及Si对水稻吸收As的影响.结果表明,两种基因型水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收均可以用Freundlich模型较好地模拟.外源Si的加入可显著降低水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收.在20μmol·L-1As处理下,与不加Si处理相比,加1.0mmol·L-1Si处理导致水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)分别降低94.1%和92.2%(野生型);74.4%和90.2%(突变体).在100μmol·L-1As处理下,水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)则分别降低64.5%和91.2%(野生型);76.1%和90.6%(突变体).     

根表铁锰膜对不同生育期水稻吸收和转运As的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁锰膜形成及其对As吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,两个水稻品种YD6和NK57均在分蘖期形成的铁锰膜量最多,成熟期形成的铁锰膜量最少。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累As随着水稻不同品种和不同生育期变化较大,As的吸收和积累与铁锰膜形成存在相关性。与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57成熟期根系As含量分别减少81.6%和62.1%。孕穗期YD6和NK57茎叶As含量分别比分蘖期减少86.4%和65.5%,比成熟期减少87.8%和67.1%。分蘖期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe或DCB-Mn浓度均呈显著的负相关关系,而孕穗期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe浓度呈显著的正相关关系,说明不同生育期铁锰膜对水稻植株吸收和转运As的影响不同。两个水稻品种不同生育期,As均主要富集和分配在根表铁锰膜中,铁锰膜中As的分配比率达62.9%～84.9%。NK57从根表铁锰膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒转运As的能力比YD6强,籽粒中As含量是YD6的2.1倍。结果表明可以通过选育As低积累和低转运的水稻品种,来降低污染地区As对人体健康的威胁。     

砷-硒交互作用对水稻吸收转运砷和硒的影响

采用溶液培养法,研究了两种形态无机As与四价Se交互作用对水稻吸收转运As和Se的影响.结果表明,不同形态As与Se交互作用对水稻吸收转运As和Se影响较大,Se(Ⅳ)显著地提高水稻根系而降低水稻茎叶对As的吸收积累.与对照处理相比,在1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)处理下添加1.0μmol·L-1Se(Ⅳ)分别导致水稻根系As含量提高59.5%和21.3%,而水稻茎叶As浓度减少10.4%和21.9%.As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)处理显著降低水稻茎叶对Se的吸收积累,但As(Ⅴ)处理对水稻根系积累Se没有影响.在1.0μmol·L-1Se(Ⅳ)处理下,添加1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅲ)和1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅴ)导致水稻茎叶Se浓度分别比对照处理降低41.9%和30.3%.Se(Ⅳ)与As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)对水稻转运As、Se的能力具有交互拮抗作用.研究结果表明,在As污染农田中,可通过施用Se肥来提高植物的Se营养,降低植物对As的吸收积累,从而降低As对人体健康的危害.     

碳纳米管影响无机砷(As(III)和As(V))对大型蚤毒性的研究：特定砷形态的作用

作为一种新兴的纳米材料,羟基多壁碳纳米管(OH-MWCNTs)可能与其他污染物在水环境中共存,并进一步影响它们的毒性、输移和归趋。因此,评价碳纳米管存在下砷的毒性变化需要得到更多的关注。该试验探索了在不同pH值条件下,OH-MWCNTs诱导砷(As(III)和As(V))对水生生物大型蚤的毒性变化的潜在机制。发现了H₂AsO₃^-和H₂AsO₄^-是对大型蚤毒性最大的As(III)和As(V)。比较As(III)和As(V)的结果,发现pH值是影响砷毒性最重要的因素。此外,OH-MWCNTs影响砷对大型蚤毒性的结果表明,OH-MWCNTs的存在可以提高砷的毒性。通过吸附实验进一步研究了砷与OH-MWCNTs的相互作用。OH-MWCNTs 对As(V)吸附容量高于As(III)。总而言之, OH-MWCNTs对某些形态砷的吸附是解释砷毒性增强的可靠证据。
精选自Xinghao Wang, Ruijuan Qu, Ahmed A. Allam, Jamaan Ajarem, Zhongbo Wei, Zuoyao Wang. Impact of carbon nanotubes on the toxicity of inorganic arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] to Daphnia magna: the role of the certain arsenic species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1852–1859, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3340
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3340/full
     

Cd胁迫下As污染土壤对农作物生长及农产品安全性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法研究了在Cd胁迫下As污染物对水稻(Oryze sativa L.)、大豆(Glycine mdx L .)生长发育及重金属吸收积累的影响,As-Cd污染土壤采用不同改性剂对农产品安全性的影响研究.研究结果表明:单元素As处理与对照相比水稻株高降低了10.3锄、产量下降了9.8%,而大豆株高、产量分别增加了6 cm、36.9%,在实验设计污染物浓度范围内,As对大豆生长发育有刺激作用.As-Cd处理与对照相比水稻的株高、产量分别下降了2.3 cm、1.75%,而大豆株高、产量下降了12 cm、5.6%,As-Cd污染处理抑制了作物的生长发育;As-Cd处理比单元素As处理其水稻籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.2倍、1.14倍、1.7倍,As-Cd处理比单元素As处理大豆籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.63倍、2.82倍、1.85倍,Cd元素的存在对水稻、大豆吸收As具有协同作用;采用腐殖酸4%、pH4处理改性措施使土壤中有效态As含量降低,降低了As对农作物的健康风险.     

砷污染土壤中不同基因型水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对砷吸收和转运影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究6个不同基因型水稻品种根表铁膜形成及其对As吸收、转运的影响。结果表明,水稻形成根表铁膜在不同基因型品种之间差异显著（p<0.001）,其中品种94D-22形成铁膜量（以Fe含量计）是品种圭630的1.5~1.8倍,添加As处理对水稻根表铁膜形成影响不显著。低As含量的对照土壤中,水稻根表铁膜量与根系As含量存在着显著的正相关关系（r=0.657,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转移系数呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.612,n=24,p<0.01）。土壤添加As后,水稻根表铁膜量与茎叶As含量存在显著的正相关关系（r=0.653-0.673,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转运之间无显著相关性。比较生长于As污染土壤的不同水稻品种,科优1360茎叶积累As较少,且其根系转运As能力也较差,而品种94D-22正好相反。研究结果表明,在As含量较低的土壤中,水稻根表铁膜的存在可成为根系As的障碍层,阻止As向地上部转运;但在As含量较高的土壤,根表铁膜的存在却促进了水稻茎叶对As的积累,其对As的转运没有显著影响。人们可通过作物品种筛选来防治土壤As污染危害、降低As对人体健康的威胁。     

根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素Ce的影响

采用溶液培养的方法探讨根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收积累和转运稀土元素Ce的影响。结果表明,Ce污染胁迫可抑制水稻根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜吸附的Ce量随着溶液中Ce浓度的提高而增加。根表铁膜形成可降低水稻根系但提高水稻茎叶对Ce的吸收积累。当溶液中Ce浓度为0.1、0.5和1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,铁膜诱导组水稻根系Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻根系Ce含量降低38.60%、45.94%和32.75%,诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量提高42.37%、28.87%和22.62%。根表铁膜形成可影响Ce在水稻植株中的富集和转运能力。非诱导组水稻根系富集Ce的能力远大于茎叶。诱导组水稻根系对Ce的富集能力最强,其次是根表铁膜,最后是水稻茎叶。诱导组水稻根系Ce转运系数显著大于非诱导组的根系,说明根表铁膜形成可促进水稻根部Ce向茎叶中转运。可见,根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素的影响机理比较复杂。     

Adsorptive removal of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewaters using an anion exchanger derived from polymer-grafted banana stem

In this study, the adsorption characteristics of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewater using polyacrylamide-grafted banana stem with quaternary ammonium functionality (PGBS-AE) were investigated. Infrared spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analyses were performed to affirm the polymer grafting, functionality, morphology, and thermal stability. Batch experiments were carried out to understand the effect of contact time, concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature of the solution for the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) onto PGBS-AE. Equilibrium was achieved within 1 h and the optimum pH was found to be 9.0 and 3.0 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir equation fits best. Maximum adsorption capacities of 50 and 5.5?g?kg^?1 were obtained for As(III) and As(V) at 30°C. The endothermic nature of adsorption was evident as the adsorption efficiency increased with temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to explain the feasibility of adsorption and to predict the nature of adsorption. The competence of the adsorbent for practical purposes was also analyzed by treating with a fertilizer industry effluent sample. Studies pertaining to adsorbent regeneration and readsorption of As(III) and As(V) were carried out for four consecutive cycles.     

Abiotic subsurface behaviors of As(V) with Fe(II)

Subsurface geochemical behavior of As(V) with Fe(II) was studied under strict anoxic conditions. Abiotic reduction of As(V) (0.1 mM) to As(III) by aqueous Fe(II) and sorbed Fe(II) in pH range 5.0-7.0 and Fe(II)(aq) concentration (0.6-1.2 mM) was investigated along with the effect of As(V) on the oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved oxygen (DO). Although the reduction was thermodynamically feasible for homogeneous chemical conditions, practically no As(V) reduction by aqueous Fe(II) was observed. Similarly, no sorbed As(V) reduction was observed under the heterogeneous experimental conditions by sorbed Fe(II) onto synthetic iron oxide (hematite, α-Fe?O?). Experimental results on Fe(II) oxidation by DO in the presence of 0.1 mM As(V) showed a significantly slower Fe(II) oxidation, which might be due to the formation of Fe(II)-As(V) complex in the aqueous phase. The results of this study demonstrate that As(V) is relatively stable in the presence of Fe(II) under subsurface environment and interfere the oxidation of Fe(II).     

利用标准回归方程建立分析因子氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法直接测定As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)

根据As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)在HG-AFS仪器上的响应差别,利用As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ)标准回归方程建立的分析因子,通过测定溶液中预还原前的荧光强度和预还原后的砷量,建立了一种高灵敏度、干扰少、快速、操作简便的HG-AFS法直接测定As(Ⅲ)和As( Ⅴ)的分析方法.对影响分析因子的各种仪器条件和共存离子干扰进行了试验,考察了样品中不同浓度As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的测定精密度.方法的检出限As(Ⅲ)为0.050ng·ml-1,As( Ⅴ)为0.087ng·ml-1,相对误差为0.31%-19.2%,相对标准偏差为1.18%-20.96%.方法对水中As( Ⅲ)和As( V)的测定相对标准偏差为7.55%-24.97%,回收率为89.5%-110.2%,对土壤中酸提取和磷酸盐交换性As( Ⅲ )和As( Ⅴ)的回收率为91.2%-104.8%.     

复合铁铝氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附作用

从吸附剂的组成、结构、表面性质、溶液的酸度及砷的存在形式等方面探讨了复合铁铝氢氧化物(Fe5Al2(OH)21.nH2O)对溶液中As(Ⅴ)的吸附.结果表明,该吸附剂具有微晶体的结构特征,孔径小,比表面积大,等电位点pH值为8.3;在pH为4-8的溶液中,对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力很强,饱和吸附容量Qm分别为:0.7901(pH5),0.5981(pH7)和0.3033 (pH9)mol·kg-1, 常见共存离子不影响砷的吸附.Langmiur方程能很好地描述实验的吸附等温线.吸附态 As(Ⅴ)的解吸量随解吸剂pH值的升高而增大.     

As(V)-reduction to As(III) by arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. bacterial strains isolated from low-contaminated sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon,Italy

Five arsenic-resistant bacterial strains designated MT1, MT2, MT3, V1 and V2 were isolated from sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon (Italy), which comprises six small lakes whose sediments contain low arsenic concentrations. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences assigned them to the genus Bacillus. Bacillus sp. strain MT3 showed higher tolerance to As(III) and As(V), as indicated by minimum inhibitory concentrations of 14 and 135 mmol^?1, respectively. Bacillus sp. strain V1 showed growth inhibition at 14 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(III) and at 68 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(V), whereas the arsenic resistance of Bacillus sp. strain MT1 was 10 and 27 mmol^?1 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. The strains Bacillus spp. MT2 and V2 showed low levels of As(III) and As(V) resistance, as it was unable to grow at concentrations>7 and 14 mmol^?1, respectively. The isolated arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. strains were able to reduce As(V) to As(III), especially Bacillus spp. strain MT3. This study suggests that the isolated bacterial strains play a role in the arsenic biogeochemical cycle of arsenic-poor sediments in the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon.     

Physicochemical properties of non-living water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) and their influence on the As(V) adsorption processes

Eichhornia crassipes (Ec) and Lemna minor (Lm) are aquatic plants. They are considered as weeds of the water and approach being a scourge in many parts of the world, choking waterways and hindering transport upon them. At the same time they are known to readily remove heavy metal ions from water. This paper considers the use of non-living plants as novel and inexpensive biosorbent for the removal of As(V) from watersheds. In the first place they were conditioned and characterised to determine their physicochemical and surface properties and in the second place their adsorption properties for As(V) from aqueous solution were evaluated considering the toxicity of this metalloid in the environment. It describes the methodology to prepare the non-living biomasses; the physicochemical characterisation by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA analyses and surface characterisation of Ec and Lm by specific surface, hydration kinetic, point of zero charge determination by mass titration, active site density and XPS analysis are described. Both studied biomasses were found to be potential bio-sorbents for arsenic ions from aqueous solution. According to their efficiency to remove arsenic, they can be used in a very low cost metalloid ions removal system.     

Removal of As(V) and Sb(V) in aqueous solution by Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide-incorporated polyethersulfone polymer beads (PES-LDH)

To develop a novel granular adsorbent to remove arsenic and antimony from water, calcined Mg/Al-layered double-hydroxide (CLDH)-incorporated polyethersulfone (PES) granular adsorbents (PES-LDH) were prepared using a core-shell method having 25% PES in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution. The PES-LDH displayed a spherical hollow shape having a rough surface and the average particle size of 1–2 mm. On the PES-LDH surface, nanosized CLDH (100–150 nm) was successfully immobilized by consolidation between PES and CLDH. The adsorption of Sb(V) by PES-LDH was found to be more favorable than for As(V), with the maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) and Sb(V) being 7.44 and 22.8 mg/g, respectively. The regeneration results indicated that a 0.5 M NaOH and 5 M NaCl mixed solution achieved an 80% regeneration efficiency in As(V) adsorption and desorption. However, the regeneration efficiency of Sb(V) gradually decreased due to its strong binding affinity, even though the PES-LDH showed much higher Sb(V) adsorption efficiency than As(V). This study suggested that PES-LDH could be a promising granular adsorbent for the remediation of As(V) and Sb(V) contained in wastewater.

     

Enhancement of As(V) adsorption onto activated sludge by methylation treatment

Biosorption properties of arsenate [As(V)] onto activated sludge were investigated in batch systems. The adsorption of As(V) onto sludge increased from 23 to 266 μg/g dry weight through the methylation of the activated sludge. This increase resulted from neutralization of carboxylic groups via the methylation process. The pH effect of As(V) uptake was also investigated and As(V) adsorption by methylated sludge decreased significantly at high pH (pH > 11) due to competition between As(V) and OH⁻ ions for binding sites distributed on sludge surfaces. In contrast, low pH favored As(V) adsorption by methylated sludge because of the elevated quantities of positively charged functional groups. The results suggest that methylated activated sludge may provide promising applications for the simultaneous removal and separation of As(V) from aqueous effluents.