接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器，在通风量为3．0L／min，搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下，就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明，接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01），堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01），其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d，第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％，第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

Impact of phosphate additive on organic carbon component degradation during pig manure composting

Phosphate, as an additive to composting, could significantly reduce ammonia emission and nitrogen loss but may also cause adverse effects on the degradation of organic matter. However, there is little information about the influence of pH change, salt content, and phosphate on different organic fraction degradation during composting with the addition of phosphate at a higher level. In this study, the equimolar phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄) were added into pig manure composting with 0.25 mol mass per kilogram of dry matter basis addition amount to evaluate the effect of H⁺, PO₄^3?, and salinity on carbon component transformation and organic matter degradation. The results showed that both H₃PO₄ and K₂HPO₄ additives could lead to shorter duration in the thermophilic phase, lower degradation of lignocellulose, and lesser carbon loss compared to CK, even though had different pH, i.e., acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. Besides, the addition of H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and K₂HPO₄ could increase the degradation of soluble protein and lipid during composting. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the variation in different organic carbon fractions was significantly correlated with the changes of pH and the presence of PO₄^3?, but not with SO₄^2? and electrical conductivity, suggesting that pH and phosphate were the more predominant factors than salinity for the inhibition of organic matter degradation. Taken together, as acidic phosphate addition produces a true advantage of controlling nitrogen loss and lower inhibition of organics transformation during composting, the expected effects may result in more efficient composting products.

     

Combination with catalyzed Fe(0)-carbon microelectrolysis and activated carbon adsorption for advanced reclaimed water treatment: simultaneous nitrate and biorefractory organics removal

A process combining catalyzed Fe(0)-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) with activated carbon (AC) adsorption was developed for advanced reclaimed water treatment. Simultaneous nitrate reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were achieved, and the effects of composite catalyst (CC) addition, AC addition, and initial pH were investigated. The reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that CC addition could enhance the reduction rate of nitrate and effectively inhibit the production of ammonia. Moreover, AC addition increased the adsorption capacity of biorefractory organic compounds (BROs) and enhanced the degradation of BRO. The reduction of NO₃^?–N at different pH values was consistently greater than 96.9%, and NH₄⁺–N was suppressed by high pH. The presence of CC ensured the reaction rate of IC-ME at high pH. The reaction kinetics orders and constants were calculated. Catalyzed iron scrap (IS)-AC showed much better nitrate reduction and BRO degradation performances than IS-AC and AC. The IC-ME showed great potential for application to nitrate and BRO reduction in reclaimed water.

     

旋转填充床中Fenton＋O3氧化降解模拟阿莫西林废水

以旋转填充床（RPB）作为反应装置，研究了Fenton工艺与Fenton＋O3工艺处理模拟阿莫西林废水的效果，考察了FeSO4·7H2O的投加量、温度、旋转床转速、液体流量及pH对C0D去除率的影响。实验表明，Fenton＋O3工艺的COD脱除率及BOD5／COD相对于Fenton工艺分别提升26．7％和140％。该工艺在pH为3、温度为25℃、液体流量30L／h、气体流量2．5L／h、转速800r／min、H2O2的投加量为1mmol／L及Fe2＋投加量为0．4mm01／L的条件下，100mg／L的模拟阿莫西林废水中COD的去除率达到57．9％，BOD5/COD从0增加到0．36，满足后续生化处理要求。     

Effect of inoculating flower stalks and vegetable waste with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms on the composting process

A lab-scale composting experiment was carried out using vegetable and flower stalks waste to study the effectiveness of ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms (LCMs) obtained from the previous isolation on composting process, especially on enhancement of biodegradation rate of these organic materials. The addition of LCMs to compost showed promised to be a valuable asset by rendering timely benefits in efficiency, maturity, and quality of the composting. This was evidenced by a significant increase of temperature, O2 consumption and CO2 emission, and population density of LCMs in compost mass compared with that of biotic (addition of culture of horse feces) and abiotic (1% molasses amendment) treatments, as well as control trial. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the substrate became mature after 60 days' composting. The LCMs inoculation enhanced the biodegradation of the composting materials as evidenced by an increasing screening ratio (1.2 cm sieve pore) of 34.5% in the treated trail, compared with that of control, which elucidated that big advantage of adding selected inoculants over other treatment, and screening ratio is a reasonable index to compare the quality of different compost. However, the inoculation seemed to have no significant effect on the moisture content, pH, and the final organic carbon of the composting materials.     

三维过电位电解处理罗丹明B废水

选用钛基RuO2-TiO2涂层电极作为三维过电位电解装置的阳极，紫铜作为阴极，活性炭作为第三极，研究了三维过电位电解处理罗丹明B废水的效果，并考察了外加电压、电解时间、初始浓度、pH值和搅拌方式等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，外加电压、电解时间和初始浓度等因素均对罗丹明B的降解效果有影响，而pH值、搅拌方式等对罗丹明B的降解效果基本没有影响。与二维电解的对比研究表明，在罗丹明B溶液初始浓度为20mg／L，电解时间为1h，电解电压为20V时，采用二维电解的降解率为20％左右，而三维过电位电解的降解率接近80％。最终产物分析结果显示，经过处理的罗丹明B苯环开环变成直链烃类物质，或者饱和环状有机物，不再具有生物毒性，适合后续的生化处理。     

Effect of Inoculating Flower Stalks and Vegetable Waste with Ligno-cellulolytic Microorganisms on the Composting Process

Abstract

A lab-scale composting experiment was carried out using vegetable and flower stalks waste to study the effectiveness of ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms (LCMs) obtained from the previous isolation on composting process, especially on enhancement of biodegradation rate of these organic materials. The addition of LCMs to compost showed promised to be a valuable asset by rendering timely benefits in efficiency, maturity, and quality of the composting. This was evidenced by a significant increase of temperature, O₂ consumption and CO₂ emission, and population density of LCMs in compost mass compared with that of biotic (addition of culture of horse feces) and abiotic (1% molasses amendment) treatments, as well as control trial. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the substrate became mature after 60 days’ composting. The LCMs inoculation enhanced the biodegradation of the composting materials as evidenced by an increasing screening ratio (1.2 cm sieve pore) of 34.5% in the treated trail, compared with that of control, which elucidated that big advantage of adding selected inoculants over other treatment, and screening ratio is a reasonable index to compare the quality of different compost. However, the inoculation seemed to have no significant effect on the moisture content, pH, and the final organic carbon of the composting materials.     

微生物调控对牛粪堆肥的生物特性影响

研究了微生物调控对牛粪堆肥生物特性的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照相比,接菌(添加HM菌剂)处理可使牛粪堆肥提前2d进入高温期,高温持续时间延长2d.即接菌处理的堆肥温度在第4天达到50.5℃,并保持50℃以上的温度14 d;而对照在第6天达到50.0℃,并保持50℃以上的温度12 d.(2)2种处理堆肥的pH总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,接菌处理的堆肥pH上升幅度不大,比对照低0.1～0.5个pH单位.(3)接菌处理有利于提高牛粪堆肥的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性水平和峰值.(4)脲酶活性与其他因素之间呈显著负相关(p＜0.01),而温度、pH、蔗糖酶活性和纤维素酶活性之间呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).     

Ammonia emissions from the composting of different organic wastes. Dependency on process temperature

Ammonia emissions were quantified for the laboratory-scale composting of three typical organic wastes with medium nitrogen content: organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, raw sludge and anaerobically digested sludge; and the composting of two wastes with high nitrogen content: animal by-products from slaughterhouses and partially hydrolysed hair from the leather industry. All the wastes were mixed with the proper amount of bulking agent. Ammonia emitted in the composting of the five wastes investigated revealed a strong dependence on temperature, with a distinct pattern found in ammonia emissions for each waste in the thermophilic first stage of composting (exponential increase of ammonia emitted when increasing temperature) than that of the mesophilic final stage (linear increase of ammonia emissions when increasing temperature). As composting needs high temperatures to ensure the sanitisation of compost and ammonia emissions are one of the main environmental impacts associated to composting and responsible for obtaining compost with a low agronomical quality, it is proposed that sanitisation is conducted after the first stage in large-scale composting facilities by a proper temperature control. CAPSULE: Ammonia emission pattern and correlation with process temperature are presented for the composting process of different organic wastes.     

Nitrogen conservation in simulated food waste aerobic composting process with different Mg and P salt mixtures

To assess the effects of three types of Mg and P salt mixtures (potassium phosphate [K3PO4]/magnesium sulfate [MgSO4], potassium dihydrogen phosphate [K2HPO4]/MgSO4, KH2PO4/MgSO4) on the conservation of N and the biodegradation of organic materials in an aerobic food waste composting process, batch experiments were undertaken in four reactors (each with an effective volume of 30 L). The synthetic food waste was composted of potatoes, rice, carrots, leaves, meat, soybeans, and seed soil, and the ratio of C and N was 17:1. Runs R1-R3 were conducted with the addition of K3PO4/ MgSO4, K2HPO4/MgSO4, and KH2PO4/MgSO4 mixtures, respectively; run R0 was a blank performed without the addition of Mg and P salts. After composting for 25 days, the degrees of degradation of the organic materials in runs R0-R3 were 53.87, 62.58, 59.14, and 49.13%, respectively. X-ray diffraction indicated that struvite crystals were formed in runs R1-R3 but not in run R0; the gaseous ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) losses in runs R0-R3 were 21.2, 32.8, 12.6, and 3.5% of the initial total N, respectively. Of the tested Mg/P salt mixtures, the K2HPO4/ MgSO4 system provided the best combination of conservation of N and biodegradation of organic materials in this food waste composting process.     

高温堆肥与蚯蚓堆肥对城市污泥重金属形态的影响

采用高温堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥工艺，研究了城市污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As）交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态的变化。研究表明：高温堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥前后各试验污泥的重金属形态和含量呈现出不同的变化，都可以降低污泥中交换态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As的含量；对于Cu和Pb，高温堆肥优于蚯蚓堆肥；对于Zn、Cd和As，蚯蚓堆肥优于高温堆肥。2种堆肥方式中，粉煤灰用量为10%的钝化效果优于20%，磷矿粉的钝化效果同粉煤灰一样。     

可用于水体污染控制的氨氮转化菌筛选及部分降解特性的实验研究

从南京禄口水产养殖基地淡水鱼塘取淤泥作为分离菌株的土源,采用选择性富集培养法,从中分离到能以硫酸铵为氮源的菌株7株,对7个菌株进行氨氮降解实验,它们氨氮转化率分别为14.8%、19.7%、53.4%、94.2%、29.1%、63.5%和41.7%,其中AN-4菌株的转化率最高且生长良好。通过AN-4菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析以及生理生化方法,鉴定此菌株为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiellasp.)。对菌株AN-4转化氨氮的特性及温度、pH值、氨氮初始浓度和菌株接种量对其氨氮转化率的影响研究,结果表明,菌株AN-4降解氨氮的最适条件为:温度为30℃和pH值为8.0;当氨氮初始浓度为30mg/L时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率可达85%以上,且能耐受高达200 mg/L的氨氮浓度;AN-4活化菌液浓度为108cfu/mL,当接种量为3×106cfu/mL时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率为87.75%。综合上述结果,符合淡水养殖水环境条件,说明AN-4菌株适合在水产养殖中应用,为将菌株AN-4应用于水产养殖环境修复提供了理论依据。     

Photocatalytic degradation of lignin using Pt/TiO2 as the catalyst

Photocatalytic degradation of lignin was studied with the use of catalysts TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2). The influence of several experimental parameters, i.e. pH, catalyst dosage and illumination on lignin degradation was investigated. The results showed that application of UV irradiation alone has almost no effect on the reduction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and American Dye Manufacture Institute value (ADMI). However, the addition of TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2) reduced the original DOC (251 mg l(-1)) by more than 40% within 30 min of treatment and the reaction can be simulated with pseudo-first order kinetics. Rapid degradation of lignin was observed in acidic solution using either TiO(2) or Pt/TiO(2) as the catalyst compared to high pH cases. The content of Pt in the Pt/TiO(2) catalyst is 1%. In addition, too much catalyst addition has not increased the DOC and ADMI reduction proportionally. The investigation also indicated that the photocatalytic degradation rates could be enhanced 1-6 times faster after doping TiO(2) with Pt in different pH cases. A modified Nernst type model was adopted to simulate the decoloring process using TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2) based on the profiles of oxidation reduction potential during the photocatalytic reaction. The developed equation can be used to predict the color removal efficiency of lignin wastewater by the photocatalytic process.     

Mitigation of odor causing emissions—Bench-scale investigation

Emissions of malodors are considered to be the greatest threat to the compost industry. In work presented here, several simple odor mitigation alternatives were investigated for their effectiveness in preventing the release of common odorants, such as terpenes, ammonia, and reduced sulfur compounds. The mitigation methods studied included the use of a blanket of finished compost, compost amendment mixed within the feedstock, odor neutralizing agents (ONAs), and oxygen release compounds (ORCs). Among the mitigation alternatives investigated in this study, the use of finished compost as a blanket and finished compost as an amendment yielded the most conclusive and significant results. Both of these alternatives yielded a substantial emission reduction for terpenes, ammonia, and reduced sulfur compounds. The application of finished compost blanket resulted in up to 95% reduction of terpene and 25% reduction of ammonia emissions. Blending the feedstock with finished compost also provided substantial reduction of terpene emissions ranging from 73.6 to 93.1% at the 24% blending ratio, and up to 85% ammonia reduction a the 35% blending ratio. Use of finished compost also provided 75% lower reduced sulfur compound emissions at the 12% blending ratio. Misting and application of odor neutralizing agents did not result in any consistent reduction in emissions for any of the odorous compounds tested.

Implications The odor emissions from composting are often considered to be the biggest threat to composting facilities. Because most facilities cannot afford enclosures and contained composting vessels, there is a need to inexpensively and effectively control the odor emissions from composting facilities. The findings of this research can lead the way for efforts to control odor easily and cost effectively. In fact, the application of a compost blanket for odor control is already gaining acceptance by the composting industry.     

Correlation between inorganic (heavy metals) and organic (PCBs and PAHs) micropollutant concentrations during sewage sludge composting processes

The nature and congener composition of PCBs and PAHs present in sewage sludge composting processes was investigated. These studies included analysis of the most significant process parameters (such as pH, temperature, weight percentage variation) and in addition heavy metals whose typical composting speciation and behaviour were also considered in order to better understand organic compound time profiles. The significant correlation found between Pb, Cd, Cu and PCBs and between PAHs and Hg implies that quite a strong adsorption of PCBs onto organic matter takes place and also provides evidence for the volatilisation of PAHs. Chemical characteristics of inorganic species and organic compounds are summarised to account for the observed correlation and time trend profiles. Moreover, single congener concentrations demonstrate that the number of Cl substituents for PCBs and condensed benzene rings for PAHs determine to what extent they can be broken down for biodegradation and removed through volatilisation respectively.     

初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷的影响研究

以超高盐（盐度7％，以NaCI计）高磷榨菜废水为研究对象，考察了初始pH值对磷酸盐还原进程的影响。实验结果表明，初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷效能影响显著。初始pH为8时，磷酸盐还原除磷率达到最高，平均值为65．45％。同时，初始pH值还会影响污泥中活性磷的形成以及基体对磷化氢的吸附。此外，偏碱性有利于磷形态转化，且BD-P（主要是一些可溶性的、还原性强的、带有Fe-P化合物的集合）含量的高低调控着生物膜内间隙水中溶解态可反应性磷（DRP）和可还原水溶态磷（RSP）含量，最终决定着磷酸盐还原进程。随着初始pH值的升高，污泥对磷化氢的吸附能力降低导致污泥中结合态磷化氢（MBP）含量不断减少。     

白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比,在相同堆肥处理条件下,接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由274988mg降至15438mg,降解率达4386%,远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率,表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理,并有望于加速堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥效率。     

直接接触式膜蒸馏工艺处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水中操作条件的影响

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水。实验对初始pH值、原料液流量和渗透液流量等3项操作条件进行了比较研究。结果表明,提高原料液的初始pH值可以大幅度地提高氨氮的去除效率、传质系数和分离效率,当初始pH达到12时,30 min内氨氮去除率可达到98%以上;提高料液流量可以得到同样的规律,当初始pH值为11,料液流量由400 L/h提高至800 L/h时,氨氮去除率由79.8%提高至88%;但渗透液流量的提高对处理效果的影响并不明显。     

生活垃圾堆肥分阶段反应动力学研究

根据堆肥不同阶段特点 ,通过接种和不接种堆肥实验 ,分别研究升温 -高温阶段和高温 -降温阶段动力学。从得到的动力学方程分析可知 :接种复合微生物菌剂 ,在升温 -高温阶段最大反应速率比对照组提高约 13 8.7 ;在高温 -降温阶段最大反应速率比对照组大 4.73 g/( h· kg) ,而半速系数 Km比对照组下降了 10 3 g/kg。说明接种复合微生物菌剂不仅使反应速率增大 ,而且使半速系数减小 ,使底物与酶反应更完全 ,有机物分解更迅速、更彻底     

Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters: evaluation of the final biodegradability and ecotoxicological impact of degradation intermediates.

The biological degradation behaviour of the aliphatic-aromatic copolyester Ecoflex was investigated with regard to the degree of degradation and the intermediates formed during the degradation process. The individual thermophilic strain Thermomonospora fusca, isolated from compost material, was used for the degradation experiments in a defined synthetic medium at 55 degrees C. After 22 days of degradation more than 99.9% of the polymer had depolymerized and with regard to the degradation of the diacid and diol components of Ecoflex only the monomers of the copolyesters (1,4-butanediol, terephthalate and adipate) could be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) measurements in the medium. In interrupted degradation experiments predominantly the monoesters of adipic acid and terephthalic acid with 1,4-butanediol were observed in addition to the monomers. In toxicological tests with Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum no significant toxicological effect was observed, neither for the monomeric intermediates nor for the oligomeric intermediates. From a risk assessment it can be concluded that there is no indication for an environmental risk when aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters of the Ecoflex-type are introduced into composting processes.