环境监测自动监测系统信息共享技术研究

针对我国环境监测现状,分析了当前各地监测系统存在的环境监测信息综合处理困难及信息交换障碍等问题,结合国家不同层次对环境监测数据的需求及侧重点,分析了实现环境监测数据共享存在的问题,给出了信息共享元数据内容,介绍了科技部项目主要功能和设计方法及思路。最后对环境监测信息共享技术发展提出了自已的观点。     

苏北农村主要水体氮磷污染及防治

由于大量使用化肥及排放各类污水已造成苏经农村主要水体搂磷严重污染，并具有氮素富营养型及水文期变化特征。防治污染的方法是采用一些针对性措施对污染严重水域进行直接治理；加强监测，掌握污染动态，推广测土配方的施肥技术；加强对各类污水的治理。     

洋河下游农灌区农作物受灾与水质污染的关系

根据情况调查设计严密而合乎逻辑的监测方案：在农灌水质标准缺乏的情况下，根据监测数据和有关资料找出致害污染物；对本次监测数据和历年常规监测数据进行分析，确定污染源；最后提出防治污染的对策。结论是致死污染物为阿特拉津和乙草胺．而高锰酸盐指数、ｐＨ和悬浮物的超标是致害的重要有关因素；致害污染物主要来源了宣化区废水；严格监控农药厂废水、兴建污水处理厂和改善农灌措施是防治污染的途径。后来的事实完全证实了本结论和对策的正确性。     

太湖流域水生态监控系统平台构建研究

从太湖流域水生态监控管理需求出发,研究太湖流域水生态监控系统平台建设目标及建设内容,包括水生态监控数据管理子系统构建、水生态状况评价子系统构建、水生态模拟子系统构建和水生态辅助管理决策子系统构建。集成管理太湖流域水质监测数据、水生生物监测数据、基础地理信息数据,对各类数据进行一体化管理及深度挖掘,自动实现水生态状况评价;构建水生态模拟子系统,对水生态情景、污染物扩散、水生态功能区空间分布及变化趋势进行模拟,并提出水生态辅助决策方案及报告。     

Enrichment of <Superscript>15</Superscript>N/<Superscript>14</Superscript>N in wastewater-derived effluent varies with operational performance of treatment systems: implications for isotope monitoring in receiving environments

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios are routinely used to trace the dispersion and assimilation of wastewater-derived N in receiving environments, but few isotope studies have investigated wastewater treatment plants and ponds themselves. An improved understanding of N isotope compositions in effluent will help assess treatment plant processes and performance and will help trace sources of excess nutrients in receiving environments. Here, we assess N budgets and treatment processes in seven wastewater treatment plants and wastewater stabilisation ponds in northern Australia based on concentrations and isotope ratios of N in effluent. We show that δ¹⁵N values in effluent are linked to treatment type, effectiveness of conversion of ammonia and levels of gaseous N emissions. These relationships suggest that N isotope monitoring of wastewater treatment plants and ponds can provide an integrated assessment of treatment performance and gaseous N emissions on a pond- or plant-wide scale that is not readily available through other methods. Our findings further imply that monitoring N isotope ratios in receiving environments cannot be assumed to be universally effective as their sensitivity to uptake of wastewater-derived N will vary with the characteristics of individual treatment systems. Paradoxically, N isotope monitoring is less effective where treatment systems are functioning poorly and where monitoring needs are the greatest.     

Integrated groundwater resource management in Indus Basin using satellite gravimetry and physical modeling tools

Reliable and frequent information on groundwater behavior and dynamics is very important for effective groundwater resource management at appropriate spatial scales. This information is rarely available in developing countries and thus poses a challenge for groundwater managers. The in situ data and groundwater modeling tools are limited in their ability to cover large domains. Remote sensing technology can now be used to continuously collect information on hydrological cycle in a cost-effective way. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a remote sensing integrated physical modeling approach for groundwater management in Indus Basin. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Satellite (GRACE)-based gravity anomalies from 2003 to 2010 were processed to generate monthly groundwater storage changes using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. The groundwater storage is the key parameter of interest for groundwater resource management. The spatial and temporal patterns in groundwater storage (GWS) are useful for devising the appropriate groundwater management strategies. GRACE-estimated GWS information with large-scale coverage is valuable for basin-scale monitoring and decision making. This frequently available information is found useful for the identification of groundwater recharge areas, groundwater storage depletion, and pinpointing of the areas where groundwater sustainability is at risk. The GWS anomalies were found to favorably agree with groundwater model simulations from Visual MODFLOW and in situ data. Mostly, a moderate to severe GWS depletion is observed causing a vulnerable situation to the sustainability of this groundwater resource. For the sustainable groundwater management, the region needs to implement groundwater policies and adopt water conservation techniques.     

降雨影响噪声自动监测数据的有效性判定分析

选取北京市近5年夏半年（4—9月）夜间的降雨数据及相关噪声自动监测小时等效声级,对小时雨量与噪声自动监测数据进行数学统计分析,找出影响噪声监测数据的小时雨量值及不同声级受雨噪声影响的雨量限值,作为降雨对噪声自动监测小时等效声级的有效性判定条件。     

水污染源在线监测系统常见问题及核查方法研究

在近两年环保执法检查和调研的基础上,归纳了水污染源在线监测系统在采样、分析、数据采集传输和运行维护等方面常见的问题,进行分析,逐一提出核查方法,为现场核查提供参考,有利于水污染源在线监测系统的应用。     

连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用

连续流动分析技术具有分析速度快、准确度和精密度高、操作简单、通用性强、样品和试剂消耗量少等一系列优点。灵活运用连续流动分析技术可对大多数水性样品如水和废水、土壤(或固体废弃物)提取液、饮料等进行分析。本文中着重介绍了氨氮、硝酸盐氮/亚硝酸盐氮、挥发酚以及总氰化物等几个连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用实例。     

青岛市开展重金属废水自动监测工作探索

简述了青岛市开展重金属自动监测的要求与现状,分析了开展重金属自动监测的优势与存在问题,在介绍青岛市相关工作对策和措施的同时,对重金属废水自动监测系统建设、设备选型、监控平台建设、运行维护管理等提出建议。     

基于GIS组件的南京环境污染事故应急监测地理信息系统

南京环境污染事故应急监测地理信息系统利用南京电子地图的地理信息，将环境污染事故应急监测数据库与GIS结合，并通过GIS技术综合分析环境污染事故中风险源要素。该系统采用支持面向对象技术的程序语言，MapObjects控件，构成面向最终用户的可执行应用程序。系统由软件平台和硬件平台组成；系统在运行环境和系统网络结构上采用客户端和服务器架构，以满足应急监测与地理信息系统相结合的目的；系统分析对GIS在环境污染应急监测中的应用作了具体分析。     

Evaluating the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in Miyun reservoir based on geostatistical analysis

This study used geographic information system techniques and geostatistics methods to evaluate the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in the western segment of the Miyun reservoir in Beijing. Methodologies as well as the sampling design are evaluated. The single-layer evaluation and three integrated evaluation methods including principal component analysis (PCA), ordinary kriging (OK)_Mean, and Mean_Layers were used to validate the effectiveness of evaluation methods, and the effectiveness of each sampling design was validated by comparing their errors. Results indicated that, while a single-layer evaluation only shows the trophic state of water at a specific level, an integrated evaluation synthetically analyzes and evaluates the trophic state of the entire water body. Furthermore, results of the integrated analysis show that a PCA method is more accurate and can represent the trophic state of the entire water body. The OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods are only able to represent the mean level for trophic state of the entire water body but cannot reflect local trophic state and distribution details. Although methods used in the routine monitoring of Miyun reservoir have some similarities to the OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods, their range of errors and uncertainty are greater because of a lack of detailed spatial continuous information. The analysis on the number of sampling points shows that, within a certain range of error, minor changes of sampling points will have no obvious impact on the monitoring results. For the routine monitoring of western Miyun reservoir, using only three to five sampling points for monitoring is inadequate. According to our analysis, it is more appropriate to use at least ten sampling points for monitoring these areas.     

絮凝沉淀-生物接触氧化法处理洗毛废水

针对羊毛脂较低的原料,采用絮凝沉淀-生物接触氧化工艺处理洗毛废水.本文介绍了该工艺的设计参数和运行情况.监测结果表明,其运行效果稳定,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级排放标准.     

Development and Use of Integrated Air Quality Management Tools in Urban Areas with the Aid of Environmental Telematics

Contemporary urban air quality management requires the use of appropriate systems which include air quality models, a Geographical Information System (GIS) and a combination of expert systems and decision support tools, while at the same time possessing the capability to receive information from in situ measurements. Until recently, the relation between Information Technology capabilities and the system's design and architecture were poorly addressed, mainly due to technological limitations posed. Moreover, air quality management scenario design issues were partially considered, because of the difficulty in aggregating complex, air quality related issues, in a comprehensive and effective manner, from the end users point of view. In the present paper the use of Environmental Telematics is discussed as a framework for the development of urban air quality management systems, while a comprehensive approach for the application and evaluation of relevant scenarios is presented.     

Whole-cell bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in wastewater

The increasing number of potentially harmful pollutants in the wastewater effluent discharge necessitates the need for the development of fast and cost effective analytical techniques for extensive monitoring programmes to assess the effectiveness of the treatment process. This study compared the use of bacterial biosensors to the conventional Daphnia magna assay, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) tests as well as chemical analysis, for monitoring the toxicity of wastewater. The bacterial biosensors constructed in this study, using S. sonnei and E. coli, were found to be sensitive to the toxicity of the wastewater effluents. A linear increase in bioluminescence with increasing concentration of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in water was observed, with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) as high as 0.995 and 0.997, respectively. No notable correlation between biosensor toxicity and BOD and COD test results was observed. These bacterial biosensors could provide appropriate alternatives for a rapid, sensitive and cost effective detection of wastewater quality. However, the differences in sensitivity obtained for the different systems suggest that the use of a battery of toxicity assays may be required to provide a real ecotoxicological assessment of wastewater samples.     

基于GIS的珠三角区域空气质量实况发布平台介绍

地理信息系统是在计算机软件和硬件支持下,对整个或者部分地球表层空间中的各类地理信息数据进行采集、存储、管理、运算、分析、显示和描述的技术系统。根据中国发布的环境空气质量新标准,提出了基于地理信息系统的区域空气质量实况发布平台的总体设计思路,介绍了这一平台的开发与运行环境、主要功能模块设计和实现方法。该平台已成功应用于珠江三角洲区域。通过广东省环境保护公众网信息平台,实时更新各个站点最新的空气监测数据,为广东开展环境整治工作以及居民日常出行提供参考。     

Statistical determination of the optimal sample size of secondary effluent BOD5 and SS

A statistical technique is presented for determining the optimal sample size required to estimate the true geometric mean with an allowable error at a desired level of confidence. Attention is focused on its application in the monitoring of secondary effluent BOD₅ and SS. It is concluded that continuous monitoring of effluent BOD₅ or SS throughout the year may generate much more data than are required for practical purposes. This statistical method may be used by operators or regulatory agencies to formulate cost-effective monitoring schemes. Records of the sample size data of secondary effluent BOD₅ and SS across Canada are also discussed.     

Examination of the operator and compensator tank role in urban wastewater treatment using activated sludge method

No doubt, operator is one of the main fundaments in wastewater treatment plants. By identifying the inadequacies, the operator could be considered as an important key in treatment plant. Several methods are used for wastewater treatment that requires spending a lot of cost. However, all investments of treatment facilities are useable when the expected efficiency of the treatment plant was obtained. Using experienced operator, this goal is more easily accessible. In this research, the wastewater of an urban community contaminated with moderated, diluted and highly concentrated pollution has been treated using surface and deep aeration treatment method. Sampling of these pilots was performed during winter 2008 to summer 2009. The results indicate that all analyzed parameters were eliminated using activated sludge and surface aeration methods. However, in activated sludge and deep aeration methods in combination with suitable function of operator, more pollutants could be eliminated. Hence, existence of operator in wastewater treatment plants is the basic principle to achieve considered efficiency. Wastewater treatment system is not intelligent itself and that is the operator who can organize even an inefficient system by its continuous presence. The converse of this fact is also real. Despite the various units and appropriate design of wastewater treatment plant, without an operator, the studied process cannot be expected highly efficient. In places frequently affected by the shock of organic and hydraulic loads, the compensator tank is important to offset the wastewater treatment process. Finally, in regard to microbial parameters, existence of disinfection unit is very useful.     

废水COD在线监测系统现场比对试验及管理的几点建议

通过分析总结辽宁省废水COD在线监测系统试点工作中在线监测系统的安装、验收、现场实际样品的比对分析,以及试运行过程中存在的问题,就今后废水在线监测系统的运行与管理提出相应的建议.     

烟气排放连续监测技术的发展及应用前景

回顾了烟气排放连续监测系统及其分析技术的发展与应用历程,对直接测量法、抽取测量法和遥感测量法等3种主要连续监测技术的应用情况、技术特点进行了介绍和对比分析。指出烟气连续监测技术有由抽取测量法向直接测量法发展的趋势,进而向遥感测量法发展;分析技术则以光学技术为主导,向全谱分析和线状光谱技术方向发展;测量范围逐渐向低浓度发展,追求更高的准确度和精密度;监测因子更多,除常规烟尘、SO2、NOx外,CO2、H2S、HC l、HF、Hg等物质也将逐步纳入监测范围;技术可靠、系统简洁、操作简便是连续监测技术的发展方向,具有广阔的应用前景。