光电化学法处理水体中腐殖酸的初步研究

结合９０年代欧美学者提出了高级化学氧化过程（Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ，ＡＯＰ）原理，提出了并建立了一套光电化学联用的新用于处理难以生物降解的腐殖酸废水，实验表明，在通电１ｈ加光条件下（Ｉ＝０．２Ａ）总有碳（ＴＯＣ）去除率达到９０％，色度去除率达到９５％。     

合成洗涤剂废水处理技术研究

探讨了生物接触氧化法处理含合成洗涤剂废水的技术，求得了最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明，生物接触氧化法能有效地处理含合成洗涤剂废水，在适当条件厂，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达到８０％～８７％，ＣＯＤｃｒ容积负荷为３５～５．ｇｋｇ／ｍ３·ｄ。采用生物接触氧化－化学凝聚组合工艺，可使ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率提高到９２％～９６％。     

异丙醇工业废水生物处理研究

感光材料工业排出的异丙醇废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值为０ ．４０ 左右，可生化性良好；经水解酸化处理后该废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值可提高至０ ．５０ 左右，平均增加了２５ ％ ，证实了水解酸化菌在该工艺条件下具有提高异丙醇废水可生化性的功能．水解酸化———好氧串联工艺对该废水总的处理效果表明：在异丙醇废水ＣＯＤｃｒ 进水浓度２０００ ～３０００ｍｇＬ 范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ 总去除率可达９０ ％ 左右，ＢＯＤ５ 总去除率可达９５ ％ 左右．     

生化—物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化—物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可有效地去除废水中易生物降解的有机物。当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％～８９％。生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％～７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求     

生化一物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化一物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可用效地除废水中易生物降解的有机物，当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％－８９％，生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后。ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％－７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求。     

色基生产废水的三级处理工艺试验

在染料中间体红色基Ｂ，紫酱色基ＧＰ的生产过程中，全产生降解处理的废水，采用中和隔油－生物接触氧化－电解脱色工艺处理可达标准排放。试验结果表明，硝化废酸液和水解母液的混合废水经过中和隔油处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率可达到５６％以上，而ＢＯＤ５／ＣＤＯｃｒ的比值可在从０．２２提高到０．５以上；再经生物接触氧化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率在８８％以上，ＢＯＤ５的去除率在９２％以上；最后，电解处理能使ＣＯＤｃ     

低药耗费通试剂氧化乙二醇废水的实验研究

对排放量小，间歇排放的乙二醇废水进行费通试剂催化氧化处理的条件研究。结果表明，在合适的条件下，采用费通试剂催化氧化－－加碱凝聚分离－－处理水循环回流的工艺。ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达９６％，处理水可稳定达标排放。此工艺具有降低药耗，提高ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率的双重效果。     

冷轧废水处理的试验研究

采用混凝－ＳＢＲ生化－砂滤工艺，以超滤处理后的冷轧废水进行了处理。结果表明，ＣＯＤｃｒ为５９０￣１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的冷轧超滤废水经该工艺处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５的平均去除率分别为８２．５％和９４．３％，出水达到国家排放标准。     

AB法处理含合成洗涤剂的废水

研究结果表明，在适当条件下，ＡＢ工艺用于处理含合成洗涤剂废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５总去除率分别为９０％－９５％和８６％－９６％，比常规活性污泥法提高３６％－４５％。     

凤眼莲在炼油废水中的生长及其净化作用

报道凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｍｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｄｓ Ｓｌｏｍｓ）在炼油废水中的生长状况。并对以ＣＯＤ为综合指标的污染物浓度之间的关系作了定量研究。结果表明：用凤眼莲生态工程炼油废水实施运行最佳控制条件为６３ｍｇ（Ｌ〈「ＣＯＤ」〈１３１ｍｇ／Ｌ,临界有效点为「ＣＯＤ」＝２６２．６ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.