万庄金矿田土壤重金属的垂直分布及形态研究

利用等离子体发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法等研究了北京水源涵养区上游万庄金矿田4个土壤剖面样品中的Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As共8种重金属元素在剖面上的分布特征,以及Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni元素的形态分布特征,并对重金属元素污染现状进行了评价。结果表明部分重金属元素在土壤表层有明显的富集现象,Cd、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Hg 6种重金属基本都随深度的增加,含量大体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,Cr、Ni有较相似的迁移和富集规律;相关性分析发现Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr、和As的相关性显著可能具有同源性。形态分析可知重金属Zn、Cd的迁移能力相对较高。地累积指数评价结果可见,土壤中Pb、As、Cd环境生态污染较严重。     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属的统计分析及空间分布研究

对广西某铅锌矿区周边农田表层进行了采样分析,测定了土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、As、Ni、Cr的含量,依据土壤环境质量标准,分析了研究区域内表层土壤重金属污染程度,并通过主要成分分析和半变异函数分析,对重金属的空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,调查区域不同程度地受到Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg.Cu.As、Ni、Cr的污染.其中污染最重的是Cd,100%超标,超标倍数在0.67～311.93之间;其次是Zn、Hg、Pb,超标率分别为97%、84%、36%,平均超标倍数分别为10.94、3.03、1.09;污染较轻的是As、Ni、Cu、Cr.主成分分析结果将8种重金属元素分为第一主成分(Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg)和第二主成分(As、Ni、Cu、Cr),第一和第二主成分的贡献率分别为54.36%和31.19%.第一主成分在离矿区较近的西北偏西面有着较高的分布,说明第一主成分主要受铅锌矿厂污染的影响;而第二主成分在离矿区较近的西北偏西面和离矿区较远的东南偏南面都有着较高的分布,说明第二主成分不仅与铅锌矿厂的污染有关,而且与土壤母质也有很大的关系.     

某试验场土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

试验场重金属污染是广受关注的环境问题之一.选取吉林某试验场的静爆试验区、落弹区和生活保障区作为研究对象,检测了112个表层土壤样品及两个土壤剖面中的重金属(As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量,分析了重金属分布特征并对其进行了源解析,采用多个污染指数评价法对重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,静爆试验区土壤中As、 Cd、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量的平均值高于吉林省背景值,且Cu、 Zn、 As和Cd含量表现出较强的空间异质性;落弹区土壤中As、 Cd和Ni含量的平均值超出背景值;生活保障区土壤中As和Cd含量的平均值高于背景值,并且Pb、 Cd、 Zn和Cr变异系数较强,表明其可能受到人类活动的影响.在不同的试验区,土壤中As、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),静爆试验区较落弹区受到试验活动影响更为强烈,土壤剖面表层重金属含量明显偏高,土壤剖面中重金属未发生明显垂向迁移.多元统计和APCS-MLR源解析分析表明,Zn、 Pb和Cd主要受到试验活动相关的污染源影响,Cr和Ni主要受成土母质自然源影响,As和Cu来源较为...     

连续施用污泥堆肥土壤剖面中重金属积累迁移特征及对小麦吸收重金属的影响

通过大田试验,定量研究连续施用污泥堆肥后土壤剖面中不同重金属积累迁移和对小麦吸收重金属的影响,为科学确定农田土壤重金属环境容量和农田土壤重金属污染防控提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用污泥堆肥农田耕层土壤(0~15cm)中Cu、Zn含量随污泥施用时间和施用量增加而显著增加,污泥施用带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中积累率最高分别可达到75.3%和85.9%;污泥施用量较高时,Cu、Zn向土壤深层迁移,本试验条件下Cu可迁移至15~30 cm土层,Zn可迁移至60~90 cm土层;连续施用污泥堆肥4 a后,0~15 cm土层中Cd、Pb含量显著增加,与对照相比增幅分别是57.2%~165.2%、13%~34%,60~90 cm土层中Cr、As、Pb含量也显著高于对照;连续施用污泥堆肥小麦籽粒中Zn含量显著增加,增幅为13.3%~47.9%.部分污泥处理小麦籽粒中的Cr、Pb含量超出国家食品卫生标准(GB 2762-2012);4 a小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率均低于10%,小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量大于秸秆,而对Cr、As、Cd、Pb的累计携出量小于秸秆.随污泥施用量的增加,小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率降低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时要考虑重金属在土壤剖面中的向下迁移量.     

广州市郊区农业土壤重金属污染评价分析

采用单项污染指数、单项平均污染指数、算术均数、加权均数、内梅罗污染指数法、聚类分析评价法和主成分分析法对广州市郊区土壤重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,As,Hg污染进行评价.从单项污染指数频率分布可以看出,8种重金属中Hg的污染频率最大,即轻污染、中污染和重污染的出现频率都较大,分别为25.4%,9.3%和16.1%;其次是Cd和Zn,也出现了较高频率的轻污染、中污染和重污染.聚类分析法将8种重金属共分为4组,第1组包括Pb,Ni,As,Cr和Cu,第2组、第3组和第4组分别是Zn,Cd和Hg,这4组的污染指数逐渐增大,并以Hg的污染指数最大.主成分分析中的前2个主成分就已经能解释信息的67.81%,尤其是第一主成分,它能解释接近50%的信息量.第一主成分主要反映重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Cd,As和Hg的富集程度,第二主成分主要反映了重金属Cr和Ni的富集信息量以及Hg的释放信息.      

畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属在土壤剖面中积累迁移特征及生物有效性差异

通过田间小区试验,定量化研究连续4 a施用不同量猪粪、鸡粪有机肥后不同重金属在土壤剖面中迁移积累特征及生物有效性差异,为科学确定农田土壤重金属的环境容量提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用猪粪显著增加了耕层土壤中Cu、Cd的含量,与对照比增幅分别是43.8%~118.6%和28.2%~44.9%.施用鸡粪显著增加耕层土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量,增幅分别为29.7%~48.5%,239%~456%,19.9%~80.8%,40.4%~163%,11.8%~22.0%和80.3%~95.0%.猪粪带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中的积累率分别为76.4%~119%和14.2%~20.4%,鸡粪带入Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中的积累率分别为72.1%~88.7%和63.9%~78.9%.施用高量的猪粪、鸡粪Cu、Zn存在明显向土壤深层迁移现象,连续4 a施用60 t·hm^-2的猪粪,Cu迁移到了15~30 cm土层.连续4 a施用60 t·hm^-2鸡粪,Zn迁移到了30~60 cm土层.但连续4 a施用不同量猪粪和鸡粪,土壤剖面中耕层以下土层中Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量均没有显著增加.连续4 a施用鸡粪显著降低小麦籽粒中Cu、Cd含量,显著增加了小麦籽粒中Zn、Cr含量和小麦秸秆中Zn含量,连续4 a施用猪粪显著降低了小麦籽粒中Zn含量,60 t·hm^-2猪粪显著增加了小麦子粒中As含量,猪粪处理还显著增加了秸秆中Cu、As含量.4 a小麦收获累计对有机肥带入重金属的携出率小于6%.小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量高于秸秆,对Cd、Cr、As、Pb携出量低于秸秆,有机肥用量越高,小麦收获对有机肥带入重金属的携出率越低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时应考虑不同有机肥中重金属在土壤剖面中积累特征和向下迁移量.     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

农田土壤重金属垂直分布迁移特征及生态风险评价

为探讨农田土壤环境中重金属的垂直分布迁移特征及潜在生态风险,以我国湖南省湘潭县某镇为研究对象,系统分析了8种常见毒性重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Hg、Ni）在农田土壤剖面中的含量及垂直分布迁移特征,并通过Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对其进行评价。结果表明:研究区域土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Hg和Ni均有一定积累,但仅有表层土壤Cd含量均值为0.59 mg/kg,超过了土壤污染风险筛选值（0.3 mg/kg,pH<5.5）,说明该区域农田土壤表层受Cd污染;分析农田土壤剖面重金属的垂直分布迁移特征得到,除Cr和Ni外,Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb 6种重金属主要富集在表层;重金属的潜在生态风险单项系数评价中,Cd在表层和中层土壤中表现为强生态危害,底层表现为中等生态危害,而Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在表层、中层和底层土壤中均表现为轻微生态危害,表明Cd是该区域不同土层中的主要生态风险因子;综合潜在生态风险指数评价表明,研究区域表层土壤为中等生态危害,中层和底层土为轻微生态危害。综上,该区农田土壤表层重金属生态风险较高,主要由Cd污染引起,应当采取农艺调控或替代种植等安全利用措施进行风险管控,以保障农产品质量安全。     

石家庄市大气降尘重金属元素来源分析

在石家庄市采集了51件大气降尘样品,对其重金属来源进行了解析。主要针对样品所含有的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素,进行相关性、富集因子及主成分分析。通过分析表明Pb与Cr、As、Hg、Ni相关性明显,Cr元素主要来源于土壤颗粒,As、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu元素可能叠加工业污染,Hg、Cd污染严重,Pb元素主要受到燃煤和交通污染。重金属元素的空间分布表明市区含量低,二环外含量高,受交通和废气污染较重。     

葫芦岛东北部土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

选择典型辽宁省工矿型城市葫芦岛,以东北部的龙岗区、连山区和南票区为研究区,基于1：25万土地质量调查获取的重金属数据,分析探讨土壤重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及污染来源.结果发现：研究区表层和深层土壤8项重金属平均含量均高于辽宁省背景值,其中表层土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、As空间上呈现出龙港区沿海及内陆局部浓集的特点,Ni、Cr高值区主要分布在下白垩统和中侏罗统火山岩地层区.各重金属富集系数平均值表现为Cd > Hg > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Cr > Ni,其中,Cd 3.41、Hg 2.93,空间上表现为大面积强烈富集.土壤中Cd主要以离子交换态为主,占全量的54.38%,生态风险最高.土壤剖面中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn总体呈现出"表聚性"特征,而Cu、As、Cr、Ni呈现出"平稳性"特征,且不同成土母质对重金属具有明显的控制.各重金属单项污染指数平均值表现为Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg,其中Cd污染水平较高.来源分析显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Pb主要受工业、交通、生活、采矿等人类活动的综合影响,Cr、Ni主要受地质背景控制,而Hg更多来源于煤炭燃烧.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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