农户分化视角下农民退出宅基地集中居住后的福利水平研究

测算农户分化背景下农民退出宅基地实现集中居住后的福利水平,对保障新型城镇化进程中农户对土地福利补偿的差别化需求具有重要意义。基于2018年已完成宅基地退出的扬州市公道镇获取的242份农户调查数据,运用模糊综合评价法实证分析退出宅基地实现集中居住对不同分化特征农户福利水平产生的影响差异。结果表明:(1)农民退出宅基地集中居住后福利总模糊指数为0.584,福利状况较好;家庭经济状况和社会保障状况是影响农户福利水平的主要因素,养老保障及房屋质量是现阶段农户关注的焦点。(2)集中居住对不同分化特征农户的福利影响存在差异。职业分化特征下,农户分化程度越高,福利状况越好;经济分化特征下,农户福利水平呈"先升后降"趋势。(3)集中居住对不同分化特征农户各功能性活动的福利影响存在差异。农户职业分化及经济分化程度越高,其家庭经济状况越好;职业分化Ⅰ类及经济分化低收入农户社会保障水平较低,而高收入农户对社会保障有更高的受偿需求;集中居住对于各类型农户社会机会、居住条件及景观环境方面造成的影响差异不显著。因此,地方政府应当充分考虑不同类型农户的受偿需求,尽快建立包括养老、医疗等社会保障在内的弹性福利补偿体系,提升农户人力资本以实现可持续生计,且从构成农户福利的各功能性活动方面对各类型农民群体进行细致化补偿,结合农户分化特点促进农民非农就业,满足农户就业与收入的城镇化核心需求。     

城市化进程中失地农民的贫困问题及其治理

运用文献研究法和定性分析方法,借鉴社会学与人类学相关理论,探讨失地农民的贫困问题,总结失地农民贫困的类型,分析失地农民的贫困原因,并提出治理对策。结果发现:部分失地农民在城市中面临着贫困问题,经济贫困、文化贫困、能力贫困和权利贫困是主要贫困类型。导致失地农民贫困的因素主要有体制与制度设置不合理、城市社会的剥夺与排斥、城乡文化的冲突与非物质文化变迁滞后以及失地农民个人能力缺失等。治理失地农民贫困问题必须从宏观层面强化制度与政策的保障作用,从微观层面加强失地农民的自身能力建设。     

新型城镇化背景下失地农民福利变化研究

基于森的可行能力理论,从经济状况、居住条件、居住环境、社会保障及社会机会等方面构建失地农民福利评价指标体系。并进一步基于农地价值理论视角,将失地农民可获得的福利划分为经济福利、社会福利和生态福利3个部分。在此基础上利用江苏省苏州市、南通市及宿迁市540户农户调查数据对征地前后农民福利水平进行测度,以探索不同城镇化发展阶段土地征收对失地农民福利变化的影响。结果表明:(1)由于实行了"土地换社保"征地补偿方式,苏州市和南通市目前处于城镇化发展改革阶段,且前者在"人的城镇化"方面更为成熟;宿迁市采取一次性货币补偿方式,仍处于传统城镇化发展阶段。(2)苏州市和南通市失地农民福利水平呈上升趋势,总模糊指数分别从0.444、0.369上升到0.529、0.385;宿迁市样本农户福利水平则有所下降。(3)除苏州市外,南通市和宿迁市样本农户的经济福利均出现下降,下降幅度分别为36.1%、34.5%;三个地区失地农民社会福利均有所提升,且苏州市和南通市农户福利改善程度明显优于宿迁市;生态福利方面,除南通市外,苏州市和宿迁市均出现下降。(4)传统城镇化发展模式下,失地农民的福利水平明显受损,城镇化改革一定程度上缓解了农民福利受损,尤其是社会福利得到较大提升。加快新型城镇化建设,真正实现"土地城镇化"与"人口城镇化"同步发展,在提高征地补偿标准的同时,政府还需通过完善失地农民社会保障体系、加强就业指导培训、提供一定就业安置等途径实现征地补偿方式多元化,并加大对农村基础设施、配套设施、环境保护等的投入。     

老年人旅游消费与影响因素关联度分析——基于京津冀地区2006-2013年面板数据

我国现阶段65岁以上老年人享有较好的社会保障体系,具有一定的物质基础和精神需求,对出行旅游具有强烈的欲望.在我国人口老龄化趋势逐渐加重的驱使下,刺激老年人出行旅游能够极大的促进消费,带动内需增长.为了科学制定拉动老年人旅游的政策措施,本文从《中国统计年鉴》(2006-2013年)中选取65岁以上人口比、老年抚养比、城镇人口比重、城镇基本养老保险基金支出、文盲人口占15岁及以上人口、接受高等教育人数、以及地区最终消费支出作为主要的比较指标;从《中国旅游统计年鉴》(2006-2013年)中选取65岁以上旅游人数比与65岁以上人口旅游消费支出作为主要参考指标,分别对相关数据进行了灰色关联分析.分析结果显示,选取的比较指标与参考指标之间呈现了中等以上强度的关联性,关联度均在0.6以上,65岁以上人口、老年抚养比、城镇人口比重相对2个参考指标关联度最强,城镇人口数量与受教育情况业是影响65岁以上旅游人数的重要因素,分析结论可以作为国家和地方政府在制定养老产业相关政策时的重要参考.本研究的最后,提出了完善社会福利保障体系和旅游业法律法规,提高养老保险水平,保障老年人旅游市场安全及制定差异化价格战略等措施.     

长三角地区社会福利与经济增长耦合协调时空分异

社会福利与经济增长的耦合协调是城市可持续发展的核心问题之一。以长三角41地市为研究单元,运用熵值法测度社会福利与经济增长指数,进一步借助耦合协调评价模型计算协调度、发展度以及耦合度,并据此进行耦合协调类型划分及其空间关联特征分析。结果表明:1长三角41地市社会福利与经济增长整体趋势波动上升,但近年来受经济下行影响,社会福利随经济增长出现缓慢下降趋势。2社会福利与经济增长指数空间吻合度较高且格局相对稳定。相比社会福利,经济增长首位特征明显,市际差异相对突出。3耦合度具有明显空间分异规律,初步形成"合宁沪杭甬"Z字型耦合协调发展轴带。4安徽省多数地市属于社会福利与经济增长失调衰退类型,亟需平衡二者关系,寻求优化路径,推动社会福利与经济增长向更高层次耦合协调发展类型演进。     

耕地生态补偿相关利益群体博弈分析与解决路径

对宏观层面中央政府与地方政府、地方政府与地方政府和微观层面农民与市民之间博弈分析,找出促使均衡结果合理化方案,采用的研究方法是博弈论与条件价值法(CVM)。结果表明:①博弈结果难以达成(保护,补偿)协议,实现社会福利最大化,必须依靠中央政府作为媒介进行协商,采取管制与激励相结合的制度安排。②激励的实现通过微观层面利益主体受偿意愿与支付意愿而定,支付不够补偿,中央财政补贴,支付盈余则上缴中央财政,以湖北为例,农民每亩耕地应得到174元补偿,市民每户居民应支付246.6元,中央政府每亩耕地给予农民148.5元补偿。③宏观层面依据微观层面需求意愿与支付意愿的赤字或者盈余,确定区域之间应支付补偿或者获得补偿。研究成果能为区域内部和区域之间耕地生态补偿标准提供依据,为尽快制定耕地生态补偿机制及政策、实现利益群体福利均衡提供借鉴与参考。     

The perception of and adaptation to climate variability/change in Ghana by small-scale and commercial farmers

Effective adaptation to climate change and variability is contingent on the perceptions of farmers and the ability of policy makers to merge these with scientific knowledge systems. The study examined the differentiated knowledge, experiences and perceptions of small traditional farmers and modern commercial farmers and their adaptation influences using qualitative interviews. Farmers generally have very clear ideas of the trends in the parameters of climate change as they relate to farm productivity and other livelihoods. Commercial farmers had a better understanding of the science of climate change, but small farmers presented a localised explanation of observed climate changes. Non-climate factors influenced adaptation of both groups of farmers. The capacities of small farmers are lower than their commercial counterparts, but the risks associated with commercial farming are much higher owing to higher investments in uncertain physical and economic conditions. Differentiated policies are needed at climate proofing the investments and efforts of farmers.     

风险规避、社会学习对农户现代灌溉技术采纳行为的影响——基于Heckman样本选择模型的实证分析

将社会学习引入现代农业技术采纳问题研究,既是对传统技术采纳与推广理论研究范式的拓展,也是理解农户技术采纳动态过程的关键.基于甘肃省张掖市498户农户微观数据,在用实验经济学方法测度农户风险规避程度的基础上,运用Heckman样本选择模型进行实证分析,探索风险规避、社会学习对农户现代灌溉技术采纳决策及采纳程度的影响,并引人交互项检验社会学习对风险规避的缓解效应.结果表明:(1)采纳现代灌溉技术的农户占样本总农户的比例为66.06％,这其中,样本户的平均采纳程度为47.26％.(2)风险规避、社会学习对农户现代灌溉技术采纳决策与采纳程度均有显著影响,农户风险规避程度越高,其采纳现代灌溉技术的可能性越低;社会学习能显著提升农户现代灌溉技术采纳决策与采纳程度.(3)从社会学习各维度的影响来看,相互学习对农户现代灌溉技术采纳决策及采纳程度均有显著正影响,学习他人对农户现代灌溉技术采纳决策及采纳程度有影响,但不显著.(4)社会学习有助于缓解风险规避对农户现代灌溉技术采纳行为的抑制作用.     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents’ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

Abstract

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society. In China, the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas. This study aimed to measure rural residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) through the day reconstruction method, as well as to analyze SWB’s influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods. The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%, indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time. Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0, with the average value being 47%, indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time. The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents. Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors, including age, education, county, household size, generation number, per capita income, migration status and social networking, which significantly affected rural residents’ SWB. The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

Heterogeneous impact of agricultural support policies: evidence from Turkey

Agricultural support policies, which increase production to excessive levels, have been heavily criticized for their distortional effects on farmers’ decisions. High input consumption, which harms the environment, and the distribution of supports, which causes income inequality among farmers, are also the other factors that economists criticize these support policies. However, in recent years, the use and dependence on production and land have been increasing globally due to fears of food insecurity in several countries. In this article, the impact of a support policy on cotton farmers’ land in Turkey is evaluated using a detailed farm-level micro dataset. We use the dynamic panel model to consider the production dynamics, unobservable individual heterogeneity, and the endogeneity of the support variable. Our results show that considering the support variable as endogenous significantly increased its impact on farmers’ land. A farmer’s past land allocation decisions also affected their current lands holdings. However, the results varied considerably between regions and between different land sizes. Therefore, the findings show the importance of heterogeneity in the impact of support policies. We conclude that due to the heterogeneous impact of support policies, it might not be possible to discuss the effect of support policies using an average estimate applicable for all farmers. Therefore, a different support policy considering regional characteristics or farm size is necessary to obtain the desired policy outcomes.

     

山区农户兼业程度对耕地撂荒的影响研究——以武陵山区为例

武陵山区农户兼业现象普遍,对耕地种植和撂荒等土地利用活动影响深刻.基于武陵山区的酉阳、武隆和沿河3个区县551份实地调查问卷数据,运用Tobit分析法和Logistic分析法,分析农户兼业程度对耕地撂荒的影响,并进一步按农户生计类型和非农收入占比将农户分为4种类型,探讨不同兼业类型农户的撂荒特点及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)研究区农户兼业现象普遍,兼业农户占到了总农户的75.14％;(2)山区耕地撂荒现象严重,各类农户中撂荒户占比均在40％以上,其中I兼户最高,Ⅱ兼户次之;(3)农户兼业会加剧耕地尤其是旱地的撂荒,农户兼业程度越高,耕地撂荒的可能性越大,但是农户兼业对水田撂荒的影响不显著;(4)兼业带来的非农收入的增加对农户的耕地撂荒产生了显著的正向影响,但不同兼业类型农户非农收入对耕地撂荒的影响程度不同,随着农户兼业程度的增加,耕地撂荒扩展的速度越快;(5)兼业也改变了其他因素对耕地撂荒的影响,使得不同兼业类型农户耕地撂荒的影响因素存在差异.根据研究结论,提出了对应的政策建议来引导农户合理利用耕地.     

基于农户视角的秸秆机械化 还田服务绩效评价及其障碍因子诊断——来自冀、鲁、皖、鄂四省的调查

农户是秸秆机械化还田服务的直接受益者，从农户视角来评价秸秆还田服务绩效水平，并诊断其可能的障碍因子，可为提高秸秆还田服务绩效提供决策依据。从秸秆还田服务过程和秸秆还田服务结果两个阶段、农户经济人属性和社会人属性两个方面构建秸秆机械化还田服务绩效评价指标体系，采用基于熵权改进的TOPSIS法和障碍度模型，通过对冀、鲁、皖、鄂四省农户的问卷调查，评价秸秆机械化还田服务绩效水平及障碍因子。结果显示：山东省秸秆机械化还田服务绩效水平为“优秀”，河北省的绩效水平“一般”，湖北省和安徽省绩效水平“较差”。秸秆机械化还田服务绩效水平最重要的影响因素是农户对秸秆机械化还田结果的评价，其次是还田过程阶段的评价；影响秸秆机械化还田服务绩效水平的主要因子为还田服务后社会发展情况、耕地病虫害情况、还田政策补贴及还田后耕地熵情的评价。为此，提高秸秆机械化还田服务的绩效水平，加强对秸秆机械化还田服务的宣传推广，积极完善秸秆机械化还田补贴等政策措施，提高还田后配套化设施及服务供给，应是当前政策关注的重心。     

赡抚比对农户农业生产意愿的影响研究——基于湖北省769户农户的调查

保护农户的种粮积极性,提高农户农业生产意愿,对巩固我国农业的基础性地位、保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义。基于湖北省潜江、宜昌、襄阳和黄冈四市的769份实地调研数据,以家庭负担为切入视角,运用Logit回归模型研究赡抚比对农户农业生产意愿的影响,并进一步分析不同条件下赡抚比对农户农业生产意愿影响的异质性。结果表明:(1)赡抚比对农户农业生产意愿产生显著正向影响,赡抚比越大,农户继续从事农业生产的意愿越强;(2)不同年龄段农户所面临的赡抚情况存在差异,使得赡抚比对非老龄组农户农业生产意愿产生显著正向影响,而在老龄组农户中却不显著;(3)针对不同收入水平的农户家庭,赡抚比所带来的经济与时间的双重压力对农户农业生产意愿的影响程度不同,从而造成赡抚比在低收入组、中等收入组和高收入组的影响呈现出"显著-不显著-显著"的变化规律。     

基于多层次非线性Tobit模型的集体行动对农户水土保持技术采用的影响研究

利用黄土高原区农户微观调研数据，运用多层次非线性Tobit模型实证分析了集体行动与农户水土保持技术采用之间关系的主效应和生态补偿对集体行动与农户水土保持技术采用程度之间关系的调节效应。结果表明：（1）集体行动对任何一种类型的水土保持技术均产生显著正向影响；（2）生态补偿对集体行动与农户水土保持技术采用程度之间的关系具有调节作用，但不同类型的水土保持技术，其调节作用的方向不一致，对于劳动密集型的水土保持技术具有正向调节作用，对于资本密集型的水土保持技术具有负向调节作用。基于此提出以下政策建议：增强农户的集体行动参与能力和规模、细化补偿金额和年限的标准、制定技术属性差异化的生态补偿政策等。     

Factors associated with financial support in old age for young and middle-aged rural residents in China

This study examined the factors associated with financial support in old age from three primary mechanisms-personal savings,family support,and social insurance-to explore the implications for the future development of China’s rural social welfare system.Cross-sectional surveys of 1392 young and middle-aged rural residents were conducted in July and August2012.The results showed that while social insurance was increasingly acceptable,personal savings and family support still had fundamental value.Combining the three mechanisms,the rural old-age welfare system presented nontraditional features.China’s new rural endowment insurance is discussed as a means to address the need for financial support among the rural aging population.     

Attitudes toward income inequality: perspectives from farmers living in a poverty-stricken rural area of China

The attitude of the least advantaged people to income inequality is important in regard to social stability, which is also a major concern of the government and researchers in China. This paper aimed to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of the least advantaged people toward income inequality in China. An empirical analysis was conducted on farmers’ attitudes to income inequality based on a questionnaire survey of 308 farmers in four villages in Yingshan, Hubei Province. Our results show that the respondents consider the income inequality as severe, and ability, hard work, and individual choices are the major determinant factors of income. It is shown that farmers in less developed areas are more likely to accept income inequality, and they ascribe this to their own failure rather than to social injustice. However, it is not the case that people living in poverty-stricken areas are satisfied with anti-poverty policies; and these policies are expected to be further improved to increase the income of the poor.     

Review,assessment and recommendations on environmental policies in Western China

Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the full implementation of environmental protection and construction;and in spatial sequence,the ecological,social,and economic development of Western China reach to coordination through the nature reserve setting,ecological migrants,fiscal transfer payment and differentiated ecological environmental policies.Due to the implementation of the policies and projects,environmental degradation trends in the western ecological environment were alleviated significantly,the living conditions of farmers and herdsmen were improved,and many successful experiences were explored.However,future ecological environmental construction in Western China requires further improvement in integrated planning,eco-compensation mechanism,and policy assessment.This paper concludes with specific recommendations such as drawing up ecological environment construction planning,strengthening environmental law enforcement and incentive mechanisms,improving policy assessment and scientific support,enhancing environmental protection capacity,improving eco-compensation mechanism,and refining the environmental policies for key areas.     

基于农户兼业视角的农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿及其影响因素比较

基于农户兼业视角，利用湖北省农村地区的微观调查数据，运用Logistic回归模型比较了不同兼业类型农户农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿及其影响因素。研究结果显示：（1）大部分农户具有农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿，其中纯农户和一兼农户的利用意愿相当，且高出二兼农户；（2）农户对农业废弃物资源价值的感知是影响不同兼业类型农户利用意愿的共同因素，农户感知农业废弃物资源的价值越高，其利用意愿也越强；（3）影响不同兼业类型农户利用意愿的因素有明显差异，性别对农户尤其是二兼农户的利用意愿有显著的正向作用；年龄对纯农户和二兼农户利用意愿的影响均为负，尤其是对纯农户影响更大；土地经营规模对农户尤其是一兼农户的利用意愿有显著的正向影响；对获取经济收益的感知正向作用于一兼农户和二兼农户的利用意愿，尤其是对一兼农户有更大程度影响；对纯农户而言，对自身经济条件的感知也显著影响其利用意愿     

China's Migrant Workers' Social Security

Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw following conclusions: China's social security systems of migrant workers show diversification and differentiation trend; national-level policies take on diversification and local-level regulations take on differentiation; social welfare and social assistance have deficiency; coverage rate of social insurance items is extremely low.     

The potential conflict between traditional perceptions and environmental behavior: compost use by Muslim farmers

Although traditional societies often have a deep understanding of ecological relationships, traditional or religious values might be in conflict with current environmental values. According to Islamic Law, some compost sources used for agricultural purposes are impure, especially human and pig excreta. This study examined how Muslim farmers perceive the issue of impurity of compost sources and the extent to which the conflict between traditional and modern values affects compost use. Questionnaires were distributed to 77 Muslim and 11 Christian farmers in Israel, examining their personal characteristics, attitudes toward compost use, awareness of its sources and advantages, and the influence of traditional perceptions on the tendency to use compost. Interviews were conducted with agricultural consultants and Muslim clergy. Although the use of compost was limited, a higher level of awareness was found among the younger and/or more educated Muslim farmers. Varied attitudes were expressed regarding the degree of purity/impurity; 52 % of the respondents expressed willingness to use compost if derived from pure materials. The agricultural consultants were acquainted with Muslim farmers who recoiled from the use of compost. The Muslim religious leaders stated that impure substances can be purified through biochemical reactions during the composting process and noted that the use of compost is preferable if chemical fertilizers are harmful to the environment. Although Muslim farmers expressed willingness to use compost if it was proved to be pure according to Islam, this paper addresses how, in practical terms, universal environmental policies may give rise to value conflicts in traditional communities.