煤矸石山无土植被恢复技术

研究了煤矸石山无土植被恢复技术，包括矸石基质改良，迁宜性植物种生长特征评价筛选，建立先锋植物种群的结构配置模式。跟踪观测植被恢复后，植物和生态环境的改善效果。     

煤矿区废弃矸石山生态恢复技术研究

煤矸石山作为矿区主要废弃地类型之一,严重破坏了矿区生态环境。通过对平煤集团矸石山实地调查、理化特征分析,最终提出了治理矸石山生态恢复的方法,包括边坡整形和边坡植被重建。通过该治理方法的实施,逐步实现了煤矿区废弃矸石山的生态恢复,解决了煤矸石污染问题。此方案的实施,不仅给企业带来了可观的经济效益,同时又改善了当地的生态环境,具有明显的经济和环境效益。     

煤矸石山覆土体系重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

长期堆积的煤矸石会在雨水淋滤、地下水浸泡下释放重金属元素,随着水流向周边土壤扩散的同时,也会在土壤毛细作用及植物根系活动作用下向上层覆土迁移,对土壤质量产生影响。以宁夏宁东某矿矸石山为研究对象,分析矸石山不同深度覆土及周边0~200 m土壤环境中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Mn、Ni元素的空间分布特征,探究土壤环境质量现状,并综合评估土壤生态风险。研究表明:Cr是研究区的主要污染因子,矸石山覆土有86.36%的采样点位Cr含量超过原土,矸石山周边表层、深层土壤分别有100%、50%的采样点位Cr含量超过对照点土壤背景值;煤矸石中有毒重金属元素向覆土有一定的迁移性,且与煤矸石层接触的土壤中重金属元素富集明显;煤矸石粉尘扩散是周边土壤中重金属元素富集的主要途径,其显著影响范围在矸石山10 m内;矸石山周边土壤潜在生态危害指数(RI)为40.80~63.31,污染程度均为轻微,矸石山覆土潜在生态危害指数(RI)为44.83~70.54,仅有1个点位污染程度达到中等。     

预防矸石山自燃在“动态”中掌控技术要点

在研发矸石山自燃预警技术中着重了解煤矸石山自燃机理,同时对煤矸石堆积中矸石内部的动态的要素探索,达到阻断煤矸石自燃的目的,矸石山自燃区的准确定位和自燃的早期临界温度监控很重要,所以,很有必要针对矸石山自燃预警系统的研发来确保煤矿生产安全,促进恢复矸石山生态环境着手于基础工作。     

三氯生对土壤酶活性的影响

为了明确三氯生对土壤生态环境的安全性,以3种土壤酶为指标,采用室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度的三氯生对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,不同浓度水平的三氯生对3种土壤酶活性的影响效果不同。低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生作用下,脲酶活性先降低后增加,最后恢复到对照水平,高浓度(100 mg/kg)三氯生胁迫下脲酶活性先降低后恢复最后又被抑制。而对酸性磷酸酶活性来说,三氯生在低浓度时(≤50 mg/kg)先刺激后抑制酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平,高浓度下(100 mg/kg)三氯生先抑制后刺激再抑制磷酸酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平。各浓度水平的三氯生在培养的初期(21 d)对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,随着培养时间延长(≥28 d),低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生刺激了酶活性,高浓度(100 mg/kg)的三氯生抑制了过氧化氢酶活性。总体来说,高浓度的三氯生对土壤环境存在不利影响。     

拉萨河流域水电开发带来的河岸带土壤特征变化研究

西藏地区丰富的水电资源可替代原有火电成为其清洁能源的主流,然而水电开发将改变河岸带土壤组成和结构,从而带来不可逆的生态环境影响。该文提出一套水电开发土壤肥力评价指数方法,分析拉萨河流域水电开发工程影响下,其河岸带土壤营养元素含量空间分布统计特征及趋势特征。结果表明:水电工程能够增加土壤中粗颗粒物含量的比重,使土壤抗侵蚀能力较差;河岸带土壤无机元素中钾元素含量较高,平均含量为2.4 mg/g,磷元素含量较低,平均含量为0.97 mg/g,拉萨河水电开发导致土壤中镁元素流失最为严重;根据水电开发土壤肥力评价指数得到拉萨河地区100 m范围内、100~200 m、200~300 m 3个不同空间尺度土壤肥力等级,结果显示拉萨河河岸带土壤肥力等级整体偏低,其中近岸100 m范围内水电开发所导致的土壤养分流失最为明显,建议适当控制流域放牧规模,通过水土保持工程恢复与植被恢复相结合的模式,减少水电工程开发引起的流域水土流失影响。     

义马矿区矸石山扬尘治理及绿化

义马矿区矸石山经喷雾降尘和绿化后，大大降低了矸石山扬尘的污染，植被覆盖率逐年提高，使矿区及周边环境得到明显改善：     

不同植被带生态恢复过程土壤团聚体及其稳定性——以黄土高原为例

为分析黄土高原不同植被带植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性的影响,以黄土高原从北到南不同纬度梯度分布的3个典型植被类型区域（草原带、森林草原带和森林带）为研究对象,对不同植被类型和恢复年限下的土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被带对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性影响显著,大于0.25mm团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径（E_WMD）、水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（E_GMD）和有机质含量（SOM）整体上均表现为：森林带 > 森林草原带 > 草原带.不同植被带下不同恢复类型对土壤团聚体及其稳定性影响不一,森林草原带表现为灌木 > 草地 > 乔木,森林带则表现为乔木 > 草地.随植被恢复年限增大,各种恢复类型WR_0.25、E_GMD、SOM整体呈逐渐增加趋势,团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）和可蚀性因子（K）呈现相反的变化趋势;分形维数（D）无显著差异.冗余分析表明,植被带对土壤团聚体及其稳定性的影响最大,其次是恢复年限,恢复类型与植被带和恢复年限具有较强的交互作用.本研究有利于加强对区域生态恢复过程机理的认识.     

大冶铜绿山矿区废弃地优势植物对铜的积累与迁移

通过对矿区废弃地的实地调查和采样分析,研究了废弃地海州香薷等5种植物对铜的积累与迁移特性,以期为矿区废弃地的植被恢复和土壤重金属污染的治理提供一定的科学依据。研究结果表明,铜绿山矿区废弃地土壤Cu含量高达4580.48mg/kg,5种植物对土壤中的Cu都有一定程度的富集作用。其中,狗尾草对土壤中Cu的富集系数和转运系数都比较高,适合作为治理铜绿山矿区废弃地重金属Cu污染的植物。     

贵州中部煤矸石堆场废弃地自然植被的群落组成及物种多样性

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡关闭煤矿区矸石堆场及周边自然土壤上的植被进行调查与分析,研究矸石废弃地自然恢复植被的群落组成、演替过程和物种多样性的变化。结果表明：随着堆放年限增加,煤矸石废弃地植物群落组成趋于复杂,植物群落演替等级增高。另确定6种植物为煤矸石废弃地优势物种,可为煤矸石堆场人工植被修复提供选材依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.