造纸群尾水景观再生利用的潜在生态风险研究

造纸废水再生回用于河流生态景观将对水体中的水生生物带来潜在的安全风险。该文以斑马鱼为测试生物,分别测定某造纸群污水处理厂的进水、景观回用再生水及受纳河流水样的急性毒性、胚胎毒性、内分泌干扰毒性、基因毒性等多种生物毒性效应,评价造纸废水深度处理后作为河流生态景观补给水的潜在生态风险。结果表明,造纸群污水处理厂进水与景观回用再生水对斑马鱼的96 h急性毒性LC50为0.43和0.82,对斑马鱼胚胎的致死率分别为53.1%与42.7%;它们对雄性斑马鱼体内VTGS有显著诱导效应,对DNA有很强的氧化损伤效应。由此可见,虽然造纸废水经深度处理后常规水质指标已达到国家景观再生水回用标准,但是它对河流的鱼类等水生生物仍具有多种生物毒性效应。因此,造纸废水作为生态补给水再生回用到河流水体时,需合理设计深度处理工艺来有效削减或去除毒害污染物质,确保受纳水体生态安全。     

印染废水处理过程中有机污染物及急性毒性变化规律研究

我国印染废水排放量大,对于印染废水中典型毒害物质的控制日趋严格,且生物毒性控制越来越受到重视.因此,本文以掌握典型印染废水处理中污染物去除特性和毒性转化机制为目标,解析印染废水水质特征及其在典型处理工艺中的变化.结果发现,典型印染废水处理工艺对典型污染物的去除效率较好,出水COD、苯胺浓度、色度分别为46 mg·L~(-1)、0.86 mg·L~(-1)、6倍,去除效率分别为78%、95%、86%;但对急性毒性的控制不足,尤其是有机组分的急性毒性控制不足.典型印染废水处理中,生物曝气处理是控制典型污染物的主要阶段,对COD、色度、苯胺的去除效率分别达60%、23%、50%,对生物毒性的去除率为48%.氯氧化和混凝沉淀是保障印染废水中苯胺类有毒物质和色度达到排放标准的重要深度处理阶段,对色度、苯胺的去除效率分别为86%、95%;然而,深度处理却会引发印染废水急性毒性急剧升高,升高比例达150%.印染废水中的急性毒性组分包括有机组分和无机组分,生物曝气主要去除有机组分毒性;氯化深度处理会增加有机组分毒性和无机组分毒性,其中,无机组分毒性可通过还原脱氯削减,但有机组分毒性控制需综合考虑前处理阶段提质增效或实施氯氧化替代工艺.     

污泥处理过程中毒害有机污染物的迁移转化规律与毒性效应

毒害有机污染物是影响污泥土地利用安全性的因素之一.全面总结了污泥中毒害有机污染物的提取和分析方法、毒性效应评估方法以及不同污泥处理工艺对污泥中毒害有机污染物的去除效果.结果表明:污泥中毒害有机污染物的种类超过700种,常规的化学分析方法无法有效评估污泥的环境风险,而毒性指标(急性毒性、遗传毒性)可评估污泥的综合毒性;污...     

制革废水和印染废水的综合毒性评估及鉴别

研究采用成组生物毒性试验(发光菌急性毒性、斑马鱼幼鱼急性毒性,斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性和小球藻急性毒性),结合理化指标,通过毒性单位、平均毒性(average toxicity,Av Tx)、毒性指数(toxic print,Tx Pr)、最敏感的测试(most sensitive test,MST)和潜在毒性效应指数(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)对不同工艺阶段印染及制革废水进行毒性削减评估.结果表明PEEP能兼顾废水排放量与毒性效应,更为客观地表征了废水综合毒性,PEEP评价结果显示制革废水和印染废水的毒性削减率分别达到36.8%和23.2%.最后,以发光菌作为受试生物,采用毒性鉴别评估(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术,对印染废水进行毒性鉴别.结果表明,印染废水中主要的致毒物质为非极性有机污染,其次为可滤性化合物,然后是重金属、氧化性物质以及挥发性物质.     

城市污水中的生物毒性及其臭氧削减效果研究

分别利用酵母双杂交和umu试验对5个城市9个污水处理厂进出水中生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(BAR)结合活性进行了调查.并考察了臭氧氧化对这两种生物效应的去除效果.结果表明,城市污水中存在不同程度的生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(RAR)结合活性,通过生物处理可以大幅削减污水中的RAR结合活性和生物遗传毒性,但污水厂出水中仍然普遍具有遗传毒性,部分残留RAR结合活性.5～10mg·L-1的臭氧可以有效削减二级出水中残留的BAR结合活性和遗传毒性,是一种有效的提高水质安全性的污水深度处理技术.     

工业废水水质对微气泡臭氧化深度处理影响

采用微气泡臭氧化深度处理实际制药废水和制革废水,比较处理性能并分析废水水质对处理性能的影响.结果表明,微气泡臭氧化可有效氧化降解实际制药废水和制革废水中主要有机污染物并去除COD,其深度处理COD去除量与臭氧消耗量之比分别为0.77和1.02,同时明显提高可生化性并降低生物毒性.废水中有机污染物类型影响微气泡臭氧化处理性能,制药废水中存在较多难降解复杂芳香族有机污染物,臭氧化降解难度较大,因而微气泡臭氧化深度处理制药废水性能不及制革废水.废水中无机阴离子不利于臭氧气液传质和分解以及·OH产生,进而影响微气泡臭氧化反应效率以及可生化性改善,降低阴离子浓度有助于提高微气泡臭氧化处理性能.     

锦州市工业废水综合毒性的分析研究

本文对锦州市18个行业的22家企业废水采用生物毒理指标(发光细菌、斑马鱼、蚕豆根尖)进行测试,首次应用废水生物综合评价体系,分析研究了工业废水的综合毒性,确定了优先监测和控制的工业废水类型,并根据废水处理前、后毒性变化值,监控废水处理设施处理效果,对生物监测体系的应用、推广起到了积极的促进作用,对环境污染的溯源、监督提供了质量保证体系.     

生物强化滤池-O_3-BAC系统对微污染河水的深度净化研究

为提高生物滤池-臭氧氧化-生物活性炭滤池组合工艺系统对微污染地表水中主要污染物的去除效率,文章考察了生物强化条件下该组合系统的性能。利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析,并采用生物毒性效应测试进行该项组合工艺出水水质的生态安全性考察。此外,通过显微镜和扫描电镜进行生物单元填料中微生物膜形态研究。结果表明:生物强化滤池单元中高效工程菌的添加有效改善了系统内微生物浓度低的问题并提高了系统对主要污染物的去除效率,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。生物滤池中生物膜形态、颜色和厚度具有沿水流方向渐变的特点。原水经生物强化组合系统深度处理后可有效降低水中生物毒性,包括部分急性毒性特征物质和致癌风险值的削减。     

利用斑马鱼胚胎研究污水处理工艺中DOM与DBPs的关系

以模式生物斑马鱼胚胎为试验材料,通过暴露试验研究了污水处理工艺不同阶段出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)与消毒副产物(DBPs)毒性效应关系,揭示污水处理工艺中DBPs前体物DOM的生成变化规律以及对再生水生态安全性的影响。结果表明,污水处理各阶段DOM和DBPs水样对斑马鱼胚胎均有不同程度的致死效应,改良A2/O工艺段水样暴露的斑马鱼胚胎死亡率较大,DOM暴露的斑马鱼胚胎致死毒性效应低于DBPs,且DBPs对斑马鱼胚胎的半致死毒性效应较大;污水处理过程中增加的腐殖酸类物质主要来自于好氧过程微生物的生化合成;污水处理各阶段水样中腐殖酸类物质含量水平与斑马鱼胚胎的致死毒性效应存在正相关关系,因此污水生物处理会增大水中消毒前体物(DOM)特别是腐殖酸类物质的含量,从而增加了DBPs的产生量和再生水的生物毒性及环境风险。     

基于A2/O处理工艺的生活污水的成组生物毒性评价

为了更加准确评估城市生活污水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对污水毒性的削减状况,本研究通过发光菌急性毒性、遗传毒性、雌激素活性检测方法对A~2/O工艺处理前后污水的毒性进行评价,同时通过斑马鱼暴露实验分析污水和回用水对水生生物内分泌干扰效应的作用模式.结果表明,污水厂进水具有较强的急性毒性、遗传毒性以及雌激素活性,水质较差.经二级生物处理后,上述毒性显著性降低,污水厂出水水质提高.但污水出水雌二醇当量为1.89 ng·L-1,仍可能会对受纳水体的水生生物产生潜在危害.浓缩2.5倍的水样导致雄性斑马鱼肝脏的卵黄原蛋白基因(vtg1)和雌激素受体基因(esr1)的表达水平显著上升,由此可以得出污水可通过干扰目的基因的表达来调控水生生物的内分泌活动.而esr1基因在肝脏的表达被抑制说明污水可能具有抗雌激素作用,同时反映进行生物毒性效应分析时应从多个组织或器官考虑,以获得比较全面的信息.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.