基于LEAP模型的兰州市道路交通温室气体与污染物协同减排情景模拟

基于LEAP模型,构建了2015～2040年兰州市道路交通发展“零措施”的基准（BAU）情景以及低碳（LC）和强化低碳（ELC）这2个节能减排情景,模拟评估各项政策和措施下能源消耗情况和温室气体与大气污染物协同减排效果.结果表明,LC情景能源消耗和CO₂排放将于2026年达峰,ELC情景能源消耗和CO₂排放将于2020年达峰;两种情景下,NO_x、 CO、 HC、 PM_2.5和PM₁₀等污染物排放量于2015～2017年间开始出现大幅下降,下降趋势于2023年前后逐渐减缓.结合措施可行性和减排成本,LC情景可作为兰州市道路交通碳达峰减排情景：到2040年能源消耗量、 CO₂、 NO_x、 CO、 HC、 PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放相对于BAU情景的削减率分别达到-24.17%、-26.57%、-55.38%、-65.91%、-72.87%、-76.66%和-77.18%.兰州市道路交通当前应以公共...     

碳协同减排视角下广东省PM2.5实现WHO-Ⅱ目标策略研究

CO₂排放和大气污染物排放具有同根同源性,二者的排放控制措施常常具有一定程度的协同减排效应.为降低政策成本、提高政策效率,政策制定者在制定空气质量改善策略时,应充分考虑其对CO₂减排的协同效益.以大气污染物与CO₂协同减排为指引,分析产业、交通运输、能源的结构优化调整和末端治理水平提升策略,通过空气质量模型方法分析并提出广东省在2025年PM_2.5实现世界卫生组织第二阶段过渡目标（简称“WHO-Ⅱ目标”）的政策建议.结果表明:在2017年基准条件下,按经济社会活动发展趋势和现有末端治理要求,模拟预测广东省2025年PM_2.5年均浓度将达26.9 μg/m3,难以达到WHO-Ⅱ目标（25.0 μg/m3）.在可进一步采取的减排措施中,产业结构调整、在用车辆更新、发电结构调整、交通运输结构调整、工业用能变化和工业末端治理对大气污染物减排的分担率分别为55.5%、17.7%、6.8%、3.8%、3.9%和12.2%,对CO₂减排的分担率分别为20.8%、14.0%、11.9%、9.3%、33.9%和0.在基于协同性制定的达标策略情景下,优先采取了产业结构调整、在用车辆更新等协同性较好、减排潜力较大的措施.在该情景下,2025年全省SO₂、NO_x、PM、VOCs和CO₂的排放总量较2017年的变化率分别为-13.7%、-19.4%、-21.8%、-20.3%和13.6%,模拟预测广东省2025年PM_2.5年均浓度可达24.6 μg/m3,达到WHO-Ⅱ目标.研究显示,为确保2025年广东省PM_2.5年均浓度达到WHO-Ⅱ目标,应进一步强化大气污染物减排,建议优先考虑产业结构调整、在用车辆更新等与CO₂减排协同性较好、减排潜力较大的措施.      

东莞市低碳路径下加速电气化对CO2和污染物协同减排影响

城市是能源消耗的中心，电气化可以整合城市能源结构，实现清洁能源高效利用，探究城市低碳路径下加速电气化的协同减排影响对实现城市减污降碳至关重要.基于长期能源替代规划模型(LEAP-DG),设置了基准情景、低碳情景和加速电气化情景等3类情景，评估电气化措施在不同电力结构下的减排潜力，量化重点部门的措施贡献，探讨广东省典型制造业城市东莞的协同减排效果.结果表明，电力结构优化促进了电气化措施的协同减排效果，低碳路径下加速电气化将进一步降低电力污染物排放强度，2050年，东莞市CO₂、 NO_x、 VOC和CO减排7.35×10⁶、 1.28×10⁴、 1.62×10⁴和8.13×10⁴ t, SO₂和PM_2.5消费侧减排量和生产侧增排量达到平衡.电气化渗透速率和电力结构优化协调发展是电气化措施实现减排效益的关键，工业和交通部门加速电气化将同时降低CO₂和大气污染物排放，交通部门得益于燃油车和电动车的高...     

北京市减污降碳协同控制情景模拟和效应评估

将能源、建筑、产业和交通作为减污降碳重点领域,设置了基准情景、政策情景和强化情景,以2020年为基准年,2035年为目标年,开展北京市大气污染物和CO₂减排潜力测算,并构建了一种协同控制效应分级评估方法,对政策情景和强化情景下大气污染和CO₂协同控制效应进行量化评估.结果表明,与基准情景相比,政策情景和强化情景下大气污染物减排率分别在11%～75%和12%～94%,CO₂分别为41%和52%.优化机动车结构对于NO_x、 VOCs和CO₂的减排贡献最大,政策情景下减排率分别达到74%、 80%和31%,强化情景下分别达到68%、 74%和22%;完成农村地区散煤清洁能源改造对SO₂的减排贡献最大,政策和强化情景下分别达到47%和35%;提升新建建筑绿色化水平对PM₁₀的减排贡献最大,政策和强化情景下分别达到79%和74%.优化出行结构和推动数字基础设施绿色发展的协同控制效应最佳;强化情景下,完成农村地区散煤清洁能源改造、优化机动车结构和...     

荆州开发区高分辨率大气源排放清单构建研究

为准确掌握荆州开发区大气污染物排放状况,该研究采用排放因子法,基于资料收集与实地调查结合的方式获取活动水平、文献调研选取排放系数,结合ArcGIS平台,建立了荆州开发区2019年1 km×1 km 10类排放源9种大气污染物排放清单。结果表明：开发区SO₂、NO_x、CO、VOCs、NH₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC和OC的排放量分别为850.4、2 407.1、4 584.0、4 848.3、107.7、8 602.1、4 485.3、57.8和159.6 t。移动源是NO_x的主要来源,占NO_x总排放量的43.8%。固定燃烧源是CO的主要来源,占CO总排放量的81.5%。工艺过程源是SO₂、VOCs、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和OC的主要来源,分别占SO₂、VOCs、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和OC总排放量的50.9...     

基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业中长期减排潜力分析

京津冀地区是我国钢铁行业集中布局的地区,也是大气污染最突出的地区.分析京津冀地区钢铁行业各类治污工具的中长期减排影响,对于选择最优减排措施、加快推动该地区大气污染治理意义重大.构建基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业模型,以2015年为基准年,以每5 a为一个时间节点,结合规模减排、结构减排、技术减排、末端治理4种减排措施,模拟计算了4种单一政策情景及4种组合政策情景下2015-2030年京津冀地区钢铁行业主要污染物（SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂）排放量及相应的减排影响.结果表明:在单一政策情景下,规模减排情景对5种污染物减排效果均十分显著.在组合政策情景下,4种减排措施叠加的综合减排情景效果最好,在该情景下京津冀地区钢铁行业到2030年SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂排放量将分别削减27.73×104、17.85×104、42.94×104、27.35×104、23.15×107 t;在规模-末端治理情景下,除CO₂外其余污染物减排效果仅次于综合减排情景;规模-结构减排情景对PM₁₀和PM_2.5的减排效果相对明显;规模-技术减排情景对CO₂、SO₂、NO_x的减排效果相对明显.研究显示,京津冀地区钢铁行业需要在大力淘汰落后过剩产能、缩减产量等源头治理措施的基础上,持续加强末端治理、提高废钢比例、提升节能减排技术水平等协同治理能力,以提高治污减排效果.      

云南省二氧化碳与大气污染物控制协同效应分析

以2011—2020年云南省二氧化碳(CO₂)与主要大气污染物二氧化硫(SO₂)、氮氧化物(NO_X)及颗粒物排放情况为基础,采用灰色关联度模型对CO₂和主要大气污染物进行关联度测算,再运用拓展的KAYA恒等式及LMDI分解模型对各驱动效应进行分解。结果表明,工业和建筑业为云南省CO₂及大气污染物排放的主要领域,协同减排效应为减少大气污染物排放的主要驱动效应,在工业领域的重点行业中黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业的污染减排潜力最大,通过减少该行业化石能源消耗所占比例可对其SO₂与CO₂协同减排效果起显著作用。     

中国电力行业多污染物控制成本与效果分析

利用情景分析法建立了2010—2030年我国电力行业SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放控制情景,分析了发电技术结构调整、加严及进一步加严末端控制措施(脱硫、脱硝、除尘等)的减排成本和效果. 结果表明:到2030年,相对于趋势照常情景,若加严末端控制设施,将新增336×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量可分别减少121×104、852×104、18×104、10×104 t;若进一步加严末端控制措施,将再新增25×108元投资,NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5可分别进一步减排45×104、23×104、15×104 t;若进行发电技术结构调整,将新增2 383×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量分别减少248×104、420×104、18×104、10×104 t;2020年和2030年发电技术结构调整带来的单位污染物减排成本分别为15 374和34 239元/t,是末端控制措施加严的3倍以上,但其能提供更大的SO₂减排空间并具有降低能耗和减排温室气体等协同效益. 从成本效果角度考虑,建议采用加严末端控制措施方案,同时调整发电技术结构、合理发展清洁发电技术,以为污染物减排提供更大空间.      

贵州省生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单

为准确掌握贵州省生物质燃烧源大气污染物的排放状况,基于收集资料和实地调查结合的方式获取活动水平,引用文献和本地实测数据结合的方式选取排放系数,采用排放系数法结合GIS技术,建立了贵州省2019年3 km×3 km生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：(1)全省生物质燃烧源CO、 NO_x、 SO₂、 NH₃、 VOCs、 PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 BC和OC的排放量分别为：293 505.53、 14 781.19、 4 146.11、 8 501.07、 45 025.70、 39 463.58、 41 879.31、 6 832.33和15 134.74 t.户用生物质炉具CO、 SO₂、 NH₃和BC的排放量贡献率最大,秸秆露天焚烧NO_x、 VOCs、 PM_2.5、 PM₁₀和OC的排放量贡献率最大.(2)各市(州)生物质燃烧源排放的大气污染物分布不均衡,主...     

我国水泥工业大气污染物排放量估算

水泥工业是粉尘,SO₂和NO_x等多种大气污染物的重要排放源.根据各地水泥工业的工艺现状、活动水平、除尘器的除尘效率和污染物排放因子,估算了1995—2005年我国水泥工业生产过程中排放的粉尘,PM₁₀,PM_2.5,SO₂,NO_x,氟化物和CO等的排放量,并给出了2005年分省区、分工艺的排放清单.结果表明,污染物排放量与水泥活动水平呈正相关.1995年以来,随着水泥产量增加,污染物排放量增长迅速,2005年我国水泥工业排放排放粉尘520.69×104 t,PM₁₀437.24×104 t,PM_2.5301.06×104 t,SO₂ 86.09×104 t,NO_x286.67×104 t,氟化物57.72×104t,CO1 987.97×104 t;山东、浙江、江苏、河北和广东等水泥生产大省污染物排放量较大,污染物排放总量占全国总排放量的46.6%,新型干法的推广应用有助于大气污染物的减排.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.