垂直流人工湿地处理农村污水的探讨

论述了人工湿地净化的机理以及垂直流人工湿地的设计方法,通过工程实践证明,采用该方法处理农村污水具有投资省、运行简便、处理效果稳定、操作简便、出水水质好能达标排放等诸多优点,可作为农村污水处理的优选方案。     

Safeguarding Wetlands and Their Connections within Wetlandscapes to Improve Conservation Outcomes for Threatened Amphibian Species

Wetlands should not be considered as independent objects but as dynamically connected objects, collectively known as wetlandscapes. We developed a framework that analyzes the influences of wetland suitability and connectivity on amphibian distributions. We defined two indices: a Wetland Suitability Index describing wetland quality and a Movement Permeability Index characterizing wetland connectivity for amphibian population dynamics. These indices were calculated from raster datasets and time‐varying inundation estimates. The indices were used to define a wetlandscape and an amphibian model was used to simulate population dynamics within the wetlandscape. The framework was applied to the Nose Creek watershed, a highly modified wetlandscape in Alberta, Canada. Two amphibian species were selected with different habitat preferences: the Northern Leopard Frog that prefers wet habitats and has high mobility over land, and the Great Plains Toad that prefers terrestrial habitats and has low mobility over land. We found each amphibian species had a “preferred” wetlandscape, reflecting their life cycle traits and migration strategies which in turn were dependent on the hydrological and ecological connections within the wetlandscape. This study highlights the importance of investigating both individual wetlands and the wetlandscape and considering both wetland habitat quality and connectivity as non‐substitutable properties that act jointly, but differently, on population dynamics.     

WETLAND BOUNDARY DETERMINATION IN THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP USING WEIGHTED AVERAGES1

ABSTRACT: A weighted average method was used to analyze transition zone vegetation in the Great Dismal Swamp to determine if a more uniform determination of wetland boundaries can be made nationwide. The method was applied to vegetation data collected on four transects and three vertical layers across the wetland-to-upland transition zone of the swamp. Ecological index values based on water tolerance were either taken from the literature or derived from local species tolerances. Wetland index values were calculated for 25-m increments using species cover and rankings based on the ecological indices. Wetland index values were used to designate increments as either wetland, transitional, or upland, and to examine the usefulness of a provisional wetland-upland break-point. Most increments were designated wetland or transitional when all species were used. Removal of three or five ubiquitous species either gave a wider range of wetland index values with a more variable designation of increments or caused designation of increments to be similar for all layers. The use of locally-derived rankings showed the sensitivity of the weighted averages method to ecological indices of species with large importance values. The weighted average method did not provide for an objective placement of an absolute wetland boundary, but did serve to focus attention on the transitional boundary zone where supplementary information is necessary to select a wetland-upland breakpoint.     

再生水景观河道生态修复水体净化效果研究

天津某再生水景观河道生态修复工程采用了生态修复处理技术以净化和保持河道水质。本文通过对该生态示范工程运行期间的水质净化效果的研究，为盐碱地区同类型景观河道的建设和水体富营养化的防治提供了工程经验和理论依据。     

人工湿地植物处理污水的试验研究

为了选择适合在中国四川地区生长的湿地植物，作者在四川省成都市１９９３年１０月２日－１１月１９日的深秋季节进行了湿地系统处理模拟污水的盆栽静态试验，以研究多种湿地植物在自然环境条件下对污染物的去除情况。试验发现，灯蕊草，芦苇，菖蒲这三种植物在１４天内均能去除模拟水样中的ＣＯＤｃｒ，其中，芦苇的去除率为３８％，菖蒲的去除率为４１％，灯蕊草的去除率为４２～４６％。这三种植物同时也能污水的ｐＨ从３．５调节     

基于生态学研究制定湿地保护策略：以台湾七股湿地为例

制定合理有效的滨海湿地保护法律制度和管理策略,需要我们理解生物多样性、生态功能和生态系统服务之间的相互关系,并正确地评估滨海湿地的脆弱性以及人类活动和环境变化对湿地的影响。然而,当前滨海湿地保护政策制定过程中有关生态及经济评估数据尚显不足。在此,本文以台湾七股滨海区域作为案例,展示了滨海湿地环境保护政策制定过程生态学研究发挥的影响力,并体现出对其他领域和当地居民相互协作的力量整合,最终实现湿地保护的策略。     

人工湿地处理系统的运行管理与维护

人工湿地作为一种新型的处理技术，在水环境保护中具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前最。随着人工湿地处理工程数量的增多，迫切地需要建立科学的管理制度和维护方法，以充分发挥其美化水环境和提升人文环境的双重作用。本文对人工湿地处理系统中水位控制、进出水装置维护、护堤维护、植物管理、气味控制、蚊蝇控制和野生动物管理等方面进行了分析探讨，系统论述了人工湿地处理系统在运行管理和维护中需要考虑的主要事项。对将来建立完善的人工湿地处理系统的管理体系具有一定的借鉴意义。     

A Method for Improving the Management of Controversial Wetland

Valley bottom wetlands in agricultural landscapes often are neglected in national and regional wetland inventories. Although these areas are small, located in the bottomlands of the headwater catchments, and scattered in the rural landscape, they strongly influence hydrology, water quality, and biodiversity over the whole catchment area. Valley bottom wetlands often are considered as controversial wetlands. Awareness of the functional role of wetlands is increasing, in parallel with their progressive disappearance in intensive farming landscapes. The need to improve tools for controlling wetland management is a primary consideration for decision makers and land users. This article proposes a method for the inventory of valley bottom wetlands. The method is based on the functional analysis of potential, existing, and efficient valley bottom wetlands (the PEEW approach). Several indicators are proposed for checking the validity of such an approach. Potential wetlands are delineated by means of a topographic index using topographic and pedoclimatic criteria computed from a Digital Elevation Model and easily accessible databases. Existing wetlands are identified from observed surface moisture, the presence of specific wetland vegetation, or soil feature criteria. Efficient wetlands are defined through a given function, such as flow or pollutant regulation or biodiversity control. An analysis of areas at the limits between potential, existing, and efficient wetlands highlights land cultivated or drained in the past, which currently represents negotiating areas in which rehabilitation and other intended management actions can be implemented.     

人工湿地中植物的修复作用原理与应用实例

植物修复在水污染防治中具有重要作用，有着广泛的应用前景。本文阐述了水生植物在湿地污水净化过程中的物理、化学、生物等方面的作用及原理，例举了植物修复在不同水质条件下的应用实例，提出应针对植物复氧能力、植物种类选择和收割植物后续处理等方面进行深入研究。     

人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

介绍了人工湿地的组成和类型,人工湿地去除渗滤液中有机物、氮、磷和重金属的机制。分析了影响人工湿地处理渗滤液效率的因子,并且结合人工湿地设计和运行维护提出了相关建议。根据国内外成功的工程实例,分析了人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液的经济优势、生态优势,展示了该处理技术广泛的应用前景,对以后的研究进行了展望。     

REMOVAL OF FLOODWATER SEDIMENTS BY A CLEARCUT TUPELO-CYPRESS WETLAND1

ABSTRACT: A palustrine water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.)-baldcy-press (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamp in southwestern Alabama was subjected to three types of disturbance, including helicopter logging, rubber-tired skidder logging simulation, and helicopter logging followed by an herbicide application. An adjacent undisturbed stand served as a control area. Post-harvest collection of sedimentation data revealed that the herbaceous and woody vegetation regrowth within the helicopter and skidded clearcut areas trapped more sediments than did the control or herbicide treatment areas. Clearcutting, followed by plant regrowth, improved the wet-land's capacity to remove sediments from overbank flow flood waters.     

湿地综述与新疆湿地研究

湿地(Wetland)是世界上面积最大、分布地域最广泛、生产力最高的景观类型之一,其结构和功能十分独特,对全人类的发展发挥着独特的作用。我国是一个干旱缺水严重的国家,我国西部干旱区水资源与湿地问题突出,对湿地的研究应和"干旱区研究"并行。文中总结了国际与国内对湿地研究与发展状况和趋势,分析了新疆湿地的特征和类型,并提出了新疆湿地存在的问题和一些建议。     

高校人工湿地系统的规划设计——以福建工程学院新校区为例

人工湿地处理技术具有投资低、出水水质好、耗能低、抗冲击力强、操作简单和运行费用低等优点。本文阐述了人工湿地系统应用于高校生活污水回收利用的意义，以福建工程学院新校区的北校区为例，利用前期在福州大学模拟人工湿地系统处理生活污水的实验数据，规划设计人工湿地系统，计算确定相关设施的面积和尺寸，并对人工湿地系统进行平面布置，绘制出系统流程的剖面图。     

植物在人工湿地中的作用及物种选择

本文主要阐述了植物在人工湿地中的作用和选取植物的一些原则,并分析了今后所研究的重点。植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但可以去除污染物质,而且具有生态美学和经济价值;选择植物应考虑植物的净化能力、适应性等因素。最后提出了植物研究需要加强的地方。     

湿润区与干旱区典型湖泊湿地对比案例研究

选取东部湿润区与西北干早区典型湖泊湿地--洞庭湖湿地与艾比湖湿地,对其湿地资源特征、湿地生态服务功能及价值、湿地退化的表征和退化湿地生态恢复对策等方面进行了比较研究.通过研究发现,湿润区湖泊湿地资源禀赋优于干早区湖泊湿地,湿润区湖泊湿地与干旱区湖泊湿地均具有较强的生态服务功能和较高的价值,在湿地退化表征方面有共性也有差异,针对不同气候区域的退化湖泊湿地应采取不同的恢复对策.     

WETLAND BOUNDARIES IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINEATION1

Wetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case-by-case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida - dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.     

盘锦温地保护、恢复与永续利用研究

随着盘锦地区经济的发展和人口的增加,盘锦湿地出现不同程度的退化,主要表现在湿地淡水的短缺,植被的退化;湿地面积减少和湿地受到污染;人类对湿地认识不足,出现人与鸟争食等现象。为了更好地保护湿地,以保持湿地生态系统的完整性、连续性、生物多样性、生态功能性、永续利用性和景区特色性为理念,对盘锦湿地进行保护与规划。     

艾比湖湿地生态效应能值评价

湿地是地球上具有多功能的独特生态系统,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。内陆干旱区的湿地则因其所处地理环境的特殊性更具有巨大保护价值。艾比湖湿地在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有一定典型性。其生态系统极不稳定,具有很强的敏感性和脆弱性。人类社会经济的迅猛发展,引起一系列以土地荒漠化为代表的生态逆向演替,严重的水土流失和锐减的生物多样性使其不可更新资源的能值投入远远超过其可更新资源,同时,肆虐的盐尘严重危害着天山北坡经济带甚至更远地区工、农、牧业生产和人们的生活环境。从能值角度评价环境的贡献,注重其生态效应,以期引起人们警醒,加强湿地资源的保护和管理,维护其可持续发展。     

Biological Connectivity of Seasonally Ponded Wetlands across Spatial and Temporal Scales

Many species that inhabit seasonally ponded wetlands also rely on surrounding upland habitats and nearby aquatic ecosystems for resources to support life stages and to maintain viable populations. Understanding biological connectivity among these habitats is critical to ensure that landscapes are protected at appropriate scales to conserve species and ecosystem function. Biological connectivity occurs across a range of spatial and temporal scales. For example, at annual time scales many organisms move between seasonal wetlands and adjacent terrestrial habitats as they undergo life‐stage transitions; at generational time scales, individuals may disperse among nearby wetlands; and at multigenerational scales, there can be gene flow across large portions of a species’ range. The scale of biological connectivity may also vary among species. Larger bodied or more vagile species can connect a matrix of seasonally ponded wetlands, streams, lakes, and surrounding terrestrial habitats on a seasonal or annual basis. Measuring biological connectivity at different spatial and temporal scales remains a challenge. Here we review environmental and biological factors that drive biological connectivity, discuss implications of biological connectivity for animal populations and ecosystem processes, and provide examples illustrating the range of spatial and temporal scales across which biological connectivity occurs in seasonal wetlands.     

南四湖湿地建设的综合效益

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程的主要输水干线和调蓄水库,目前人工湿地建设已初见成效。从环境效益、生态效益、社会效益、经济效益、科研效益等方面分析了南四湖人工湿地在改善南四湖流域生态环境、稳定南水北调调水水质方面发挥的重要作用。