聚己内酯复合固体碳源的制备及其深度脱氮性能研究

以聚己内酯（PCL）为骨架结合不同低成本碳源制备得到PCL复合碳源,静态释放试验筛选出适用于污水深度脱氮的复合碳源,批式试验研究其脱氮性能.并通过比较碳源表面特征、反硝化功能基因丰度与微生物群落结构特征分析其脱氮机理.结果表明,PCL/玉米淀粉连续30 d释碳性能稳定,氮、磷释放量均低于1.0 mg·L^-1,对水质影响较小,可用于生活污水深度脱氮.批式脱氮试验结果显示,PCL/玉米淀粉反硝化系统脱氮效果好,反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK拷贝数高,能够有效富集反硝化菌.此外,PCL/玉米淀粉系统中群落丰富度与多样性更高,系统抗逆性更强.因此,PCL/玉米淀粉能够实现生活污水长效稳定深度脱氮.     

两种释碳材料的制备及其性能研究

应用固定化技术制备了包埋淀粉的聚乙烯醇(PVA)释碳材料和海藻酸钠(SA)释碳材料,采用红外光谱和扫描电镜对其物化特性进行分析,研究了二者的释碳性能以及作为碳源对硝态氮的去除效果.结果表明,PVA释碳材料中淀粉混合较好,释碳过程满足二级动力学方程,单位质量材料释放的饱和COD达到99.60mg/(g·L).在温度为18~22℃,pH7.2~8.0,硝态氮浓度为35mg/L的条件下,PVA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为18.5g/(m3·d),SA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为15.5g/(m3·d),在稳定运行15d后,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐升高,脱氮效果开始下降.     

用于地下水原位生物脱氮的缓释碳源材料性能研究

针对地下水原位生物脱氮时缺乏电子供体(碳源)导致反硝化受抑的问题,以淀粉为碳源原料.聚乙烯醇(PVA)为载体,a-淀粉酶为添加剂,采用共混技术制备GPVAS和GEPVAS两类反硝化原位反应格栅(PRB)缓释有机碳源(SOC)材料.扫描电镜和静态实验研究结果表明.材料内部形成淀粉分子填充的PVA网状骨架结构.释碳符合二级动力学过程.动力学参数平衡浓度(Cm)和释放速率系数(k)可作为评价缓释碳源释碳能力的核心指标.材料配比和a-淀粉酶含量对材料性能影响显著,当淀粉/PVA=40/60时,材料Cm和K值最低;Cm值随酶含量增加显著升高,k值随酶含量增加先升高后降低,表明碳源释放速率可通过组分配比和酶添加剂含量进行有效控制.以适应不同地下水环境和硝酸盐污染程度.提高原位脱氮效率.     

利用淀粉基共混物作为反硝化固体碳源的研究

合成了淀粉/聚己内酯(PCL)热塑性共混物(SPCL6),并对其性能进行了表征.研究了SPCL6作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体用于固相反硝化工艺的可行性.结果表明,SPCL6可作为固体碳源用于去除低C/N水中的硝酸盐,在接种1 d后SPCL6就有明显的脱氮效果.进水硝氮质量浓度对反硝化速率没有明显影响,以SPCL6为固体碳源的反硝化过程符合零级反应.剪切力对反硝化速率具有显著影响,转速从70 r.min-1提高至140 r.min-1时,反硝化速率(以N计)从0.016 5 mg.(g.h)-1提升至0.0328 mg.(g.h)-1.红外光谱结果表明,微生物利用后的SPCL6中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解.     

Fe(0)-活性炭强化短程反硝化脱氮及影响因素

为减少生物短程反硝化对外碳源的依赖,研究了无机环境下Fe(0)-活性炭强化短程反硝化的脱氮效果,并探究了不同铁碳比及初始pH值对系统脱氮效果及N+2O释放的影响.结果表明Fe(0)-活性炭可强化生物短程反硝化,将亚硝氮去除率由7.4%提高到31.1%.当m(铁)∶m(碳)由2∶1降至1∶1和1∶2时,反硝化速率与亚硝氮去除率均呈现先升后降的趋势,m(铁)∶m(碳)为1∶1时达到最大,分别为5.58 mg·(g·h)~(-1)与41.1%,且此时N+2O的释放量较小,为0.10 mg.当pH值由6.0升至9.0的过程中,反硝化速率由7.39 mg·(g·h)~(-1)下降至5.96 mg·(g·h)~(-1),N+2O的释放量由0.19 mg下降至0.12 mg.以上结果表明,在m(铁)∶m(碳)为1∶1和pH为弱酸性的条件下,Fe(0)-活性炭能强化短程反硝化获得较好的脱氮效果,但低pH值会增加N+2O的释放量.     

利用聚乳酸作为反硝化固体碳源的研究

利用聚乳酸(PLA)颗粒作为反硝化的固体碳源和生物膜载体,考察了聚乳酸作为反硝化碳源的可行性和温度对聚乳酸颗粒反硝化脱氮性能的影响,并对聚乳酸颗粒表面进行了红外光谱分析和扫描电镜观察.结果表明,PLA颗粒作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体进行反硝化脱氮,接种和驯化时间较长.在30℃,硝酸盐氮初始浓度为50 mg/L时,PLA的平均反硝化速率为2.6×10-3mg/(g.h),13 h内硝酸氮可以完全去除.温度对反硝化速率影响很大,在30~40℃之间反硝化速率较高,一旦偏离适宜温度,反硝化速率降低很快.对PLA颗粒表面的红外光谱分析和扫描电镜观察证实了PLA作为反硝化固体碳源的可行性.PLA颗粒表面的生物膜扫描电镜观察发现生物膜比较薄,以球菌为主.     

腐朽木为填料的反硝化滤池特性研究

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水低碳氮比的水质特点,该文通过腐朽木的释碳静态实验和反硝化滤池动态实验,研究了腐朽木的碳源释放规律,对腐朽木释碳组份进行了GC/MS分析,同时以人工模拟配制低碳氮比废水作为反硝化滤池实验的进水,从TN、NO_3~--N的去除效果和COD、NO_2~--N、NH_3-N的变化规律,分析和研究腐朽木作为填料在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能和运行效果。结果表明,腐朽木可有效地释放碳源物质,腐朽木释碳组份主要为(Z)-9-Octadecenamide,其分子式为C18H35NO;反硝化滤池在初始阶段HRT为12 h时,脱氮效果最佳,TN、NO3--N去除率最高分别可达到94.41%、97.13%,此时腐朽木作为外加缓释碳源填料显著提高了滤池脱氮效果。     

不同C/N比和碳源种类条件下的SNAD生物膜脱氮性能

通过批试实验研究了C/N比和碳源种类对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.SNAD生物膜反应器以生活污水为进水,以鲍尔环为生物膜载体,具有良好的SNAD脱氮性能.以乙酸钠为碳源,研究了COD/NO_2~--N比对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.随着C0D/NO_2~--N比的增加,厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比逐渐减小.C0D/NO_2~--N比分别为1、2、3、4和5实验组对应的厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比分别为87.1%、52.2%、29.3%、23.7%和16.3%.当C0D/NO_2~--N比为0~2时,厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比大于50%,SNAD生物膜可以实现良好的耦合脱氮.控制C0D/N0_2~--N为5,研究了碳源种类对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.以甲酸钠、乙酸钠、丙酸钠和葡萄糖为碳源实验组对应的厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比分别为16.3%、37.1%、74.1%和76.8%.当以丙酸钠或葡萄糖为外加碳源并且C0D/NO_2~--N=5时,SNAD生物膜可以实现良好的耦合脱氮.     

餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作碳源的脱氮效果研究

针对餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作外加碳源的反硝化脱氮效果进行研究,考察了人工配水条件下水解酸化液反硝化处理的适宜COD/NO3--N比范围,在适宜COD/NO3--N比条件下与甲醇、乙酸钠的反硝化效果进行对比,并验证了水解酸化液对于生活污水的反硝化效果.结果表明,人工配水条件下利用水解酸化液作碳源的适宜COD/NO3--N比为4.9~6.0,反硝化速率最高可达25.0mg NO3--N/(gVSS·h).反应过程存在2个不同的硝态氮去除速率阶段,并出现了亚硝氮积累.餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为含多种VFA成分的混合物,其反应过程中硝态氮的去除速率比甲醇、乙酸钠等纯物质做碳源时的硝态氮去除速率快.将餐厨垃圾水解酸化液用于生活污水脱氮处理,当COD/NO3--N比为6时,水中的硝态氮以及亚硝氮均能够得到较为彻底的去除.     

NO3--N负荷对树皮填料人工湿地早期反硝化及释碳速率的影响

为了将污水厂尾水作为再生水进行利用,常常需要对尾水进行深度脱氮,针对尾水的水质特征,在深度脱氮时常常需投加碳源.试验采用树皮作为填料,兼作脱氮的缓释碳源,进行树皮填料人工湿地深度脱氮模型试验,研究进水NO_3~--N负荷对反硝化和树皮释放碳源的影响.结果表明,树皮填料人工湿地可稳定脱氮;反硝化速率遵循Monod关系式,随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,饱和常数KS=19.10 mg·L~(-1);硝氮去除率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而减小;在树皮填料人工湿地运行早期,树皮释碳总量、树皮释碳速率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,与进水NO_3~--N均呈线性正相关;树皮静态释碳速率为0.2 mg·(g·d)-1,与腐朽木等中空松散的植物碳源相比,碳源缓释性能较好,释碳周期较长,是良好的缓释碳源.     

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol blended materials used as solid carbon source for tertiary denitrification of secondary effluent

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blended materials for using as a solid carbon source （SCS） were prepared by blending PVA and gelatinized starch in an aqueous solution system, in which PVA served as framework material and starch as carbon source. The optimization of starch content and temperature effects were investigated. It was indicated that higher denitrification efficiency could be achieved with more starch in the materials. The average specific denitrification rates were 0.93, 0.66, 0.37 and 0.36 mg/（g·day） corresponding to starch content of 70%, 60%, 40% and 30% respectively at 37℃. The denitrification rates increased when operating temperature was raised from 23℃ to 30℃ and then 37℃. The mechanism of carbon release was analyzed incorporating the experimental results of abiotic release in deionized water. The organic carbon was mainly hydrolyzed by microbes, and the biological release efficiencies were at the range of 89.2% to 96.0%. A long-term experiment with a continuous flow reactor with SCS material containing 70% starch was conducted to gain some experience for practical application. When the influent nitrate concentration was in the range of 35.2 to 39.1 mg/L, hydraulic retention time of 4 hr, and operating temperature of 30℃, a nitrogen removal efficiency up to 94.6% and denitrification rate of 0.217 kg/（m3.day） was achieved. The starch-based materials developed in this study can be used as a solid carbon source for tertiary nitrogen removal from secondary effluent.     

Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system

A bottom substrate denitrification tank for a recirculating aquaculture system was developed. The laboratory scale denitrification tank was an 8 L tank (0.04 m2 tank surface area), packed to a depth of 5 cm with a bottom substrate for natural denitrifying bacteria. An aquarium pump was used for gentle water mixing in the tank; the dissolved oxygen in the water was maintained in aerobic conditions (e.g. > 2 mg/L) while anoxic conditions predominated only at the bottom substrate layer. The results showed that, among the four substrates tested (soil, sand, pumice stone and vermiculite), pumice was the most preferable material. Comparing carbon supplementation using methanol and molasses, methanol was chosen as the carbon source because it provided a higher denitrification rate than molasses. When methanol was applied at the optimal COD:N ratio of 5:1, a nitrate removal rate of 4591 ± 133 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day was achieved. Finally, nitrate removal using an 80 L denitrification tank was evaluated with a 610 L recirculating tilapia culture system. Nitrate treatment was performed by batch transferring high nitrate water from the nitrification tank into the denitrification tank and mixing with methanol at a COD:N ratio of 5:1. The results from five batches of nitrate treatment revealed that nitrate was successfully removed from water without the accumulation of nitrite and ammonia. The average nitrate removal efficiency was 85.17% and the average denitrification rate of the denitrification tank was 6311 ± 945 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day or 126 ± 18 mg-N/L of pumice packing volume/day.     

聚己内酯淀粉共混物和砾石系统反硝化特性

在序批试验中以PCL(聚己内酯)/淀粉共混物为碳源,研究其和砾石系统的反硝化特性,并对水中DOC(溶解性有机碳)组分进行了解析.结果表明,PCL/淀粉共混物可作为反硝化固体碳源去除低C/N水体中的NO₃--N,并且不会造成NO₂--N的积累. ρ(NO₃--N)大于2mg/L时,试验组(PCL/淀粉共混物和砾石)和对照组(PCL/淀粉共混物)的反硝化均为零级反应. 试验组的平均反硝化速率为7.214mg/(L·h),高于对照组〔7.152mg/(L·h)〕,反硝化反应主要发生在固体碳源表面的生物膜中,砾石表面的生物膜也可利用水中的DOC实现反硝化;反硝化反应结束时,砾石表面的微生物也会分泌胞外酶参与PCL/淀粉共混物碳源的降解,导致试验组的ρ(DOC)升至74.50mg/L,高于对照组(40.75mg/L). 试验组和对照组的pH先升后降,是固体碳源降解过程产生的酸性物质与反硝化产生的碱度综合作用的结果. 试验组和对照组的DOC中均发现有还原糖、蛋白类和溶解性微生物产物.      

地下水生物反硝化碳源材料研究

以淀粉和聚乙烯醇为原材料,采用高分子制造技术,通过共混/包覆制备出一类地下水原位生物反硝化用控释高分子碳源材料。制备碳源材料在水体中有机质释放试验表明,不同含量的碳源材料在水体中均有一定的COD释放能力,制备的碳源材料满足生物反硝化的需要。硝酸盐生物降解试验表明,对于本类碳源材料,反硝化菌存在6d左右的驯化期,不同淀粉含量碳源材料对生物反硝化的进行影响不大。经过6d左右,水中NO3-浓度从40mg/L降低到10mg/L以下。同时发现碳源材料具有缓释性能,随着反硝化过程中有机质的消耗,可以不断向水体释放有机质。     

城市污水处理厂缺氧池短程反硝化现象及影响因素研究

调研了北方某城市污水处理厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的现象.该污水处理厂采用传统厌氧/缺氧/好氧（A/A/O）工艺,在缺氧池中存在稳定的短程反硝化过程,且缺氧池中亚硝态氮积累率最高可达88.4%.16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Thauera可能是导致该厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的主要菌种,而短程反硝化现象出现的主要原因可能为外加碳源乙酸钠和系统较高的pH值.取活性污泥在COD/NO₃^--N为2~5条件下进行反硝化批次试验,结果表明硝态氮的还原速率均高于亚硝态氮的还原速率,且最大硝态氮到亚硝态氮的转换率均在50%左右.但碳源充足时,积累的NO₂^-会在NO₃^-被还原完后继续发生还原反应,从而导致最终亚硝态氮积累效果变差.本研究,以乙酸钠为碳源,COD/NO₃^--N为3可使反硝化过程获得最高亚硝态氮积累.因此,控制合适COD/NO₃^--N或缺氧反应时间是短程反硝化工艺运行的关键控制参数.本研究可为实际污水处理厂构建短程反硝化并进一步耦合厌氧氨氧化技术提供参考.     

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.     

岩溶地下河反硝化作用的有限性——一个碳酸盐岩管道的实验研究

反硝化作用是公认的去除水体中硝酸盐的路径,但相比于多孔介质,岩溶地下河中反硝化效果具有不确定性.为更好地认识岩溶地下河中反硝化效果,本研究利用天然碳酸盐岩管道几何模型,以乙醇为可利用电子供体(碳源),示踪了控制流速条件下管道流中反硝化作用,并辅以多孔介质流实验进行对比.反应示踪、地球化学印迹和微生物检测结果表明:当碳源缺乏时,反硝化作用没有明显启动的迹象;一旦补充了碳源,溶解氧、硝酸盐浓度和质量都出现了明显衰减,并且有中间产物亚硝酸盐产生,水体碱度增加.然而,即使在碳源充足情况下,管道流中反硝化强度却明显比多孔介质流中强度低,两者硝酸盐生物去除率分别为39.4%和大于99%,生物降解速率分别为0.113和10.8 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1).推测其原因,一是碳酸盐岩管道内固体表面积与水体积比值低,固体吸着条件不利于微生物生长与发育,降低了硝酸盐去除率;二是管道富含的溶解氧可能延迟了反硝化作用启动,溶解氧降至3.0 mg·L~(-1)左右时硝酸盐浓度才有明显衰减.相比之下,其它环境因素如p H值和温度没有出现明显变化.该研究意义在于:岩溶管道流反硝化去除硝酸盐的潜能是存在的,但即使可利用碳源充足仍具有明显的局限性,这可能意味着岩溶地下河一旦遭受硝酸盐污染,其作为饮用水源的安全风险更大.