有机基质对反硝化除磷效果的影响

文章研究了有机基质对反硝化除磷工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响,实验结果表明:有机基质是影响反硝化除磷效果的重要因素,磷的去除主要在缺氧阶段由反硝化除磷实现。实验保持N、P进水40 mg/L、8 mg/L不变,当COD/P≥31.25时,出水磷浓度小于1 mg/L,去除率大于85%,出水中氨氮和硝酸氮约为0,氮的去除率接近100%,COD的去除率在95%以上;当进水25≤COD/P≤31.25时,出水磷浓度为1~2.4 mg/L,去除率大于70%,氮的去除率接近100%,COD的去除率大于90%;研究结果推断,随着进水有机基质的降低,厌氧池聚磷菌放磷量逐渐减少,缺氧池反硝化除磷量也逐渐降低,二沉池出水磷酸盐含量逐渐升高,反硝化除磷的效率随着有机基质浓度的降低而逐渐降低。     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.     

CANON工艺处理石油催化剂废水的性能研究

以石油裂化催化剂废水为研究对象,采用电絮凝作为废水的预处理单元,研究CANON工艺的启动及脱氮性能.结果表明:电絮凝对原水浊度的去除率达到98.7%±1.2%,对COD去除率达到32.3%±4.5%.利用人工模拟高氨氮废水成功启动CANON工艺,TN去除率最高达到62.0%,TN去除负荷最高达到0.19 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)(以N计).使用石油裂化催化剂废水对微生物进行了驯化,经过108 d的运行,微生物成功驯化。利用CANON工艺处理石油裂化催化剂废水,COD去除率为40.9%±13.2%,TN去除率为67.3%±12.7%,TN去除速率为(0.07±0.02)kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)(以N计).反应器出水COD100 mg·L-1,NH_4~+-N10 mg·L~(-1),满足石油化工企业污水的排放标准(GB8978—1996).     

Bioaugmentation and quorum sensing disruption as solutions to increase nitrate removal in sequencing batch reactors treating nitrate-rich wastewater

Bioaugmentation of denitrifying bacteria can serve as a promising technique to improve nutrient removal during wastewater treatment. While denitrification inhibition by bacterial quorum sensing (QS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been indicated, the application of bacterial QS disruption to improve nitrate removal from wastewater has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of bioaugmentation of P. aeruginosa SD-1 on nitrate removal in sequencing batch reactors that treat nitrate rich wastewater was assessed. Additionally, the potential of a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) to improve denitrification following bacterial bioaugmentation was evaluated. Curcumin, a natural plant extract, was used as a QSI. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and initial nitrate concentration of the influent were 700±20 mg/L and 200±10 mg/L respectively, and their respective concentrations in the effluent were 56.9±3.2 mg/L and 9.0±3.2 mg/L. Thus, the results revealed that bioaugmentation of P. aeruginosa SD-1 resulted in an increased nitrate removal to 82%±1%. Further, nitrate was almost completely removed following the addition of the QSI, and activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase increased by 88%±2% and 74%±2% respectively. The nitrogen mass balance indicated that aerobic denitrification was employed as the main pathway for nitrogen removal in the reactors. The results imply that bioaugmentation and modulation of QS in denitrifying bacteria, through the use of a QSI, can enhance nitrate removal during wastewater treatment.     

氢气还原海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的研究

利用小球烧结和氢气还原工艺制备了粒径1mm～5mm的多孔性球形海绵铁,对球形海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的效率及去除动力学进行了研究。结果表明:溶液初始pH值对硝酸盐去除效率的影响显著,初始pH值小于3时,硝酸盐的去除率随溶液初始pH的增加而逐渐降低;初始pH值大于3时,硝酸盐的去除率又随之升高。硝酸盐浓度低于10mgN/L时,硝酸盐去除率随着硝酸盐初始浓度的增加而增加,硝酸盐的残余量保持在0.4mgN/L左右;硝酸盐浓度高于20mgN/L时,硝酸盐的去除率随初始硝酸盐浓度的增加而略有降低。球形海绵铁去除硝酸盐为一级动力学反应,反应级数为0.970～1.378,表观反应速率常数为0.314h-1～0.536h-1。海绵铁还原硝酸盐的主要产物为氨氮,随着还原反应的进行,溶液pH值快速增加,氨氮以分子态氨的形式从水中逸出。进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。     

缺氧MBBR耦合部分厌氧氨氧化强化城市生活污水深度脱氮

缺氧MBBR是强化传统城市污水处理系统脱氮的一种方法,本研究通过向城市污水后置反硝化SBR中投加填料构建了缺氧双污泥系统,实现了城市生活污水部分厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮.在250d的运行中脱氮性能逐渐提高并实现稳定,出水总氮在5 mg·L~(-1)左右. 211～250 d的平均硝氮、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为(97. 7±2. 9)%、(93. 3±2. 9)%和(94. 3±2. 7)%.长期运行中观测到氨氮和硝氮的同步去除.针对氨氮去除途径进行分析,系统同化、硝化作用微弱.缺氧MBBR中存在厌氧氨氧化活性且对脱氮有不可忽视的作用.实时定量PCR结果进一步说明缺氧MBBR中厌氧氨氧化菌富集,特别是缺氧填料生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌丰度由初始的4. 37×10~7copies·g~(-1)增长到了2. 28×10~(10)copies·g~(-1).本研究表明缺氧填料生物膜在厌氧氨氧化的富集强化城市污水深度脱氮中或许具有可应用的潜能.     

Hybrid constructed wetlands for highly polluted river water treatment and comparison of surface- and subsurface-flow cells

A series of large pilot constructed wetland （CW） systems were constructed near the confluence of an urban stream to a larger fiver in Xi＇an, a northwestern megacity in China, for treating polluted stream water before it entered the receiving water body. Each CW system is a combination of surface- and subsurface-flow cells with local gravel, sand or slag as substrates and Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis as plants. During a one-year operation with an average surface loading of 0.053 m3/（m2.day）, the overall COD, BOD, NH3-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removals were 72.7% ~ 4.5%, 93.4% ＋ 2.1%, 54.0% ＋ 6.3%, 53.9% ~ 6.0% and 69.4% ：t： 4.6%, respectively, which brought about an effective improvement of the fiver water quality. Surface-flow cells showed better NH3-N removal than their TN removal while subsurface-flow cells showed better TN removal than their NH3-N removal. Using local slag as the substrate, the organic and phosphorus removal could be much improved. Seasonal variation was also found in the removal of all the pollutants and autumn seemed to be the best season for pollutant removal due to the moderate water temperature and well grown plants in the CWs.     

一体化厌氧氨氧化工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的性能研究

以垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,研究UASB-除碳-一体化ANAMMOX工艺的除碳脱氮特性.结果表明:该工艺可实现高效除碳脱氮;在进水COD浓度6210~16365mg/L?TN浓度为990~2100mg/L时工艺出水COD浓度最低为655mg/L,出水TN浓度最低为39.9mg/L.进水中的可降解COD主要在UASB和除碳池中去除(分别为59%和31%),进入到一体化ANAMMOX池中的多为惰性有机物质;TN的去除在除碳池和一体化ANAMMOX池中进行,其中除碳池中TN去除量占工艺TN去除量的53%,主要通过同步硝化反硝化去除;ANAMMOX池中TN去除46%,主要通过AOB和AnAOB的协同作用实现.当除碳池出水含可降解有机物时,对后续一体化ANAMMOX池的自养脱氮抑制严重;充分降解除碳池中的可降解有机物是影响系统脱氮效率的关键因素.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作碳源的脱氮效果研究

针对餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作外加碳源的反硝化脱氮效果进行研究,考察了人工配水条件下水解酸化液反硝化处理的适宜COD/NO3--N比范围,在适宜COD/NO3--N比条件下与甲醇、乙酸钠的反硝化效果进行对比,并验证了水解酸化液对于生活污水的反硝化效果.结果表明,人工配水条件下利用水解酸化液作碳源的适宜COD/NO3--N比为4.9~6.0,反硝化速率最高可达25.0mg NO3--N/(gVSS·h).反应过程存在2个不同的硝态氮去除速率阶段,并出现了亚硝氮积累.餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为含多种VFA成分的混合物,其反应过程中硝态氮的去除速率比甲醇、乙酸钠等纯物质做碳源时的硝态氮去除速率快.将餐厨垃圾水解酸化液用于生活污水脱氮处理,当COD/NO3--N比为6时,水中的硝态氮以及亚硝氮均能够得到较为彻底的去除.     

球形海绵铁还原去除水中硝酸盐的静态研究

利用铁精粉造球和直接还原工艺制备了粒径1～5mm的多孔性球形海绵铁,对该球形海绵铁处理模拟硝酸盐污染水体进行了静态实验研究。结果表明:溶液pH值和溶解氧对硝酸盐去除率影响显著,pH值<2时硝酸盐去除率较高,而pH值>3时硝酸盐去除率很低;水体溶解氧能够促进硝酸盐的去除,如果不能向水体供氧,海绵铁几乎不能去除水体中的硝酸盐;无论硝酸盐初始浓度高低,固液比为1:10时海绵铁对硝酸盐的去除率最高,过高或过低的固液比都影响硝酸盐的去除;此外,硝酸盐初始污染浓度对去除率也影响显著,硝酸盐浓度<20mg-N/L时,硝酸盐的残余量保持在0.5mg-N/L左右,硝酸盐浓度较高时,去除率随硝酸盐初始浓度的增加而显著降低。     

中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能评估

运行中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理校园生活污水,对其运行性能进行评估,并与传统生物处理工艺比较.结果表明,采用中试系统处理校园生活污水原水时,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为57.0%和2.68 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.4%和0.17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为15.8%和0.21 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氧利用率达到100%.采用中试系统处理可生化性较差的生物接触氧化池出水,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为46.0%和1.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.1%和0.32 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为14.1%和0.28 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氧利用率高于50%.由于微气泡曝气能够加速氧传质过程并提高氧利用率,因此相同进水条件下,中试系统污染物去除能力显著优于传统生物接触氧化工艺和传统曝气生物滤池工艺.     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

同步硝化反硝化(SND)是废水处理中的新型生物脱氮工艺,和传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有显著的应用优势.本研究采用微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器,研究了SND过程中污染物去除效果并检测了生物膜功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,在微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器内可以实现同步硝化反硝化,通过提高进水COD负荷和C∶N比,降低溶解氧(DO)浓度,同时增加填料床层孔隙率,可以改善SND效果.当进水COD负荷和总氮(TN)负荷为0.86 kg·(m3·d)-1和0.10 kg·(m3·d)-1,且填料床层孔隙率为81%时,COD和TN的去除率分别为97.6%和70.2%,实现了COD和TN的同步高效去除;同时,微气泡曝气对氧传质的强化作用使得氧利用率高达91.8%.此外,生物膜活性和硝化及反硝化功能菌群的变化,与反应器COD、氨氮和TN去除能力的变化基本一致.     

间歇曝气SBR与传统SBR处理养猪沼液的比较研究

采用间歇曝气序批式反应器(intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor,IASBR)和传统序批式反应器(SBR)处理养猪沼液,研究进水中化学需氧量(COD)与总氮(TN)比值(COD/TN)和运行负荷对污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在进水COD/TN约为2.2、氨氮负荷为(0.12±0.04)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别为97.2%±4.4%、81.5%±7.5%、88.5%±2.4%,优于SBR的78.3%±19.6%、79.8%±4.9%、86.6%±3.2%;当氨氮负荷提高至(0.18±0.02)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率略有降低,分别为92.4%±7.3%、77.5%±5.3%、86.4%±2.2%,但仍然优于SBR中的相应去除率78.1%±15.4%、61.8%±11.2%、81.8%±5.6%.在氨氮负荷为(0.20±0.01)kg·(m3·d)-1下,提高进水COD/TN至约3.0,则IASBR和SBR的污染物去除能力较进水COD/TN为2.2时有显著提升,IASBR中氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别达到99.6%±0.2%、91.5%±2.9%和92.0%±0.9%,仍然高于SBR的90.2%±1.4%、83.0%±1.9%、90.2%±0.5%.总体而言,相较SBR,IASBR对TN和氨氮的去除更高效、耐冲击负荷能力更强,因此对养猪沼液等低碳氮比的废水更为适用.     

连续流态下以实际低基质生活污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其脱氮性能

研究了连续流系统污泥颗粒化过程中COD、氨氮和TN的去除效果以及成熟好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质和脱氮动力学.结果表明40 d内连续流系统内能形成好氧颗粒污泥.随着颗粒化程度的提高,系统脱氮除碳性能有所增加;第41~60 d稳定运行期间,系统对COD、氨氮和TN的平均去除率分别到达到85.54%、95.5%和65.56%,且反应过程中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累不高.成熟颗粒污泥有较多的空隙结构,含有大量的胞外聚合物,相比于接种絮状污泥,其含水率、湿密度、沉降速度、机械强度、SVI值等都体现出了明显的优势.成熟好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化效率为81.69%,硝化速率(以NH+4-N计)和反硝化速率(以NO-x-N计)分别为5.78 mg·(L·h)-1和4.90 mg·(L·h)-1.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

城市污水管网中不同生化作用的基质流向

为研究城市污水管网中有机污染物在生物代谢反应过程中的利用机制,通过运行以实际管网沉积物为底物和以人工配置沉积物为底物的不同模拟条件下的污水管网中试系统,对比分析了管网中污水与沉积物之间COD、甲烷、硝态氮和硫酸根的迁移转化特性.结果表明,污水在模拟管网中流动一周期内,污水中COD的总变化量为170.58 mg·L~(-1),其中,由沉积作用导致COD的变化量为101.53 mg·L~(-1),由生化作用导致COD的变化量为69.05 mg·L~(-1).同时,在微生物的代谢作用下,管网甲烷产量为7.39 mg·L~(-1);污水中硝态氮减少量为0.33 mg·L~(-1);硫酸根减少量为21.35 mg·L~(-1),依据公式推算,在污水管网运行过程中,发酵产甲烷过程消耗的COD为32.51 mg·L~(-1);反硝化作用消耗的COD为8.04 mg·L~(-1);硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸盐消耗的COD为6.41 mg·L~(-1).由此可知,沉积作用导致的COD变化量占COD总变化量的65.38%;生化作用导致的COD变化量占COD总变化量的34.62%,而发酵产甲烷、反硝化作用和硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸盐这三项生化代谢作用消耗的COD共占生化作用降解COD的68.01%,该结果表明,沉积作用是污水管网中有机污染物去除的主要方式,而发酵产甲烷、反硝化作用和硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸根是管网中生化作用去除有机污染物的重要过程.     

曝气生物滤池好氧反硝化脱氮的研究

采用某钢铁厂含氮废水,利用生物滤池工艺,研究了曝气生物滤池的挂膜、溶解氧、碳氮比对好氧反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明,利用富含好氧反硝化菌的富集菌液进行挂膜,16 d基本完成挂膜,脱氮率90%.当溶解氧较低时(DO为1.5～4.2mg/L),随着溶解氧的增大,反硝化效率提高,其中以DO为3.5 mg/L时的效果最好,脱氮率为95.4%.随着曝气量继续增加,脱氮率有所下降,当DO为8.0 mg/L时,脱氮率仍有44.8%.可推断系统中有好氧反硝化菌,存在以O2作为电子受体的好氧反硝化现象.随着碳氮比(COD/N)增大,反硝化效果提高.当COD/N为6～7时,基本能够满足反硝化所需碳源.此时脱氮率大于96%,亚硝态氮在整个反应过程中几乎没有积累,COD去除率在85%左右.