陕西西部某工业园区采暖期大气降尘重金属特征

为了解陕西省某工业园区采暖期大气降尘重金属元素特征,于2012年11月20日至2013年3月20日,通过被动采样的方式,采集该区域采暖期的大气降尘样品,利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定其中重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr和Fe的含量,并分别计算各元素采暖期的日沉降通量和富集因子.结果表明:研究区采暖期大气降尘量普遍较高,并且受园区人为污染源和道路扬尘影响明显;大气降尘中重金属含量分布不均,位于园区内部点位的重金属含量明显大于上风向点位和对照点;各元素之间也有很大的差异,其中,Fe的含量远高于其他6种元素,Pb、Zn含量次之,Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr的含量较小;从采暖期日沉降通量来看,Fe、Zn、Pb的沉降通量较大,Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd的沉降通量较小.而根据富集因子分析结果可知,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd主要来自人为源,Fe、Cr、Ni与当地的自然地质背景有关.     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

苏州地区水稻土重金属污染源解析及端元影响量化研究

利用国家土壤质量标准和当地背景值评价了苏州地区表层水稻土重金属(Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr)的污染(富集)状况.结果发现,苏州地区土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni平均含量分别是0.23、0.23、9.14、35.36、103.36、35.75、77.12和33.18μg·g-1;除As外,其余7种重金属平均含量皆明显高于当地土壤背景值.通过与中国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)相比,发现苏州地区土壤中Cd和Hg是8种重金属中风险最高的.地质累积指数分析表明,苏州水稻土重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn出现了污染,其中以Cd和Hg的污染程度最突出,约80%的土壤样品出现了Pb轻度污染.因子得分-多元回归法(PCS-MLR)估算表明,70%的土壤Cd来自与有色金属或磷有关的人为活动;土壤中约50%的Pb和72%的Hg源于大气沉降的贡献;土壤的Zn和Cu污染主要来自与有色金属或磷有关的人为活动,该端元对土壤Zn和Cu的影响率分别为53%和45%.     

椒江口海域重金属含量分布及在沉积物和生物体中的富集

研究了椒江口海水、沉积物和生物体中7种重金属的浓度水平,评价了各种重金属在沉积物和生物体内的富集情况.结果表明,表层海水中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg的平均浓度分别为0.57、7.37、1.89、0.18、36.99、1.57、0.018μg·L-1;表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg的浓度分别为30.11、30.62、32.61、0.106、68.56、2.48、0.027×10-6;生物体内除了鲻鱼中未检出Zn外,七种重金属在缢蛏、鲻鱼体内均有检出,且缢蛏中重金属含量明显高于鲻鱼体内重金属的含量.Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As在沉积物中富集系数高于生物体内,Cr、Zn、Hg、Pb在鲻鱼中的富集系数大于缢蛏中.     

南京市大气降尘重金属污染水平及风险评价

为探究城市不同功能区大气降尘重金属的污染水平及其风险,在南京市典型工业区、交通区、居住区和高教区这4个区域设置20个采样点,采集大气降尘,并分析其中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sr、Ti、V、Zn的含量,采用潜在生态危害指数和美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的风险进行评价,采用富集因子、相关性分析和主成分分析对金属元素进行源解析.结果显示,As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn在工业区含量最高,而Ba、Ni、Ti、V在交通区含量最高.工业区的综合潜在生态风险指数最高,高教区最低,元素Cr的生态风险最高,达中等生态危害.健康风险评价中各金属元素均不具有非致癌风险及致癌风险.源解析结果表明,研究区域大气降尘重金属主要来自交通、工业活动、燃煤、自然源及生活源等.     

南京不同功能区街道路面积尘重金属污染评价与源分析

以南京不同功能区(商业区、居住区、交通区、风景区、文教区、工业区和城乡结合区)的街道路面积尘为研究对象,测定其w(Cd),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Ni),w(Pb),w(Zn),w(Mn),w(As),w(V),w(Fe)和w(Ti). 通过富集因子法和综合污染指数法评价重金属污染水平,采用主因子分析法分析重金属可能的污染源. 富集因子法评价结果表明,Cr和Ni为中度富集,其中Cr在商业区的富集程度最大,Ni在工业区的富集程度最大. Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn和As为显著富集,其中Cd在居住区的富集程度最大,Cu,Pb,Zn和As在商业区的富集程度最大. 内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果表明,Cr在警戒限内,属于尚清洁;Cu,Ni和Zn属于轻度污染;Cd为重度污染. 不同功能区的内梅罗污染指数各不相同,如商业区、居住区和交通区的Pb,Zn,Ni和Cd的内梅罗污染指数较高. 主因子分析结果显示,污染可能来自3个方面:Ni,Mn,Fe,Ti和V可能来自于当地的土壤;Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn和As可能来自于混合源;Cr可能来自于石化工业源.      

珠江三角洲冲积平原土壤重金属元素含量和来源解析

利用全国地球化学基准计划在珠江三角洲地区的22个点位上采集的44件冲积平原土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8个重金属元素的含量特征,并利用多元统计分析方法和铅同位素示踪技术研究了重金属元素的来源.结果表明,珠三角地区冲积平原土壤8个重金属元素含量均高于全国土壤背景值,Hg在表层土壤中显著富集,As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn在表层土壤的含量略高于深层土壤中含量,Cr、Ni在表层土壤和深层土壤中含量相当.因子分析结果显示,土壤Cu、Cr、Ni主要受地质背景控制,Zn、Cd的高含量既与地质背景有关,也受人类活动影响,As、Pb、Hg的异常则受人为活动影响较严重.富集因子法得出8个重金属元素受人类活动影响程度大小排序为：Hg > As > Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Ni,当深层土壤某元素有外源输入时,会导致其富集因子偏低.铅同位素示踪结果显示,表层土壤铅含量与²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb呈显著的负相关关系,根据二元混合模型推测表层土壤中有超过30%的外源铅输入.综合来看,珠三角地区冲积平原土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb受到较为严重的人为污染.     

北京冬季降尘重金属富集程度及综合污染评价

大气降尘可以反映大气颗粒物的自然沉降量,具有重要的环境指示意义.降尘重金属通过大气沉降进入土壤或水体,对人体健康、植物和水生生物等有危害作用.为了了解北京冬季降尘中重金属的含量水平、富集程度以及综合污染特征,于2013年11月~2014年3月收集了北京大气降尘样品49组,并用Elan DRC II型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测试了降尘中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co、V、Bi、Mo等10种重金属的含量.结果表明,北京冬季降尘中重金属Cd、Bi和Mo的平均含量不足10 mg·kg~(-1),Co、Ni和V的平均含量在10~100 mg·kg~(-1)之间,而Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的平均含量均超过100mg·kg~(-1);Cd、Zn、Cu的含量均超出土壤环境二级标准值,其中城区和近郊Cd、Zn、Cu的二级超标率分别为100%、97%、93.9%和100%、100%、81.2%.富集因子研究结果表明,Bi、Cu、Ni、Pb微量富集,主要来源于地壳或土壤源;Cd、Cr、Mo、Zn轻度富集,受自然源和人为源共同作用.论文在传统单一污染评价基础上,提出了"降尘重金属综合污染指数"模型,并探讨了北京降尘重金属的综合污染特征,结果表明北京城区冬季降尘中重金属的综合污染指数排序为CdZnCuPbCrNiVCo,并且Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb是冬季北京城区降尘中显著污染因子,其中Cd和Zn为极显著污染因子;北京近郊冬季降尘中重金属的综合污染指数排序为CdZnCuPbCrNiCoV,并且Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr是冬季北京近郊降尘中显著污染因子,其中Cd和Zn为极显著污染因子.     

渤海东部和黄海北部沉积物中重金属分布特征

通过对渤海东部及黄海北部海域138个站位沉积物样品的重金属等含量分析,研究了该海域沉积物重金属元素分布特征及其控制因素.渤海东部及黄海北部海域沉积物中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Co、Hg、Ni、Pb、V、Zn的平均含量分别为:9.87,20.1,0.15,58.9,11.6,0.02,26.7,23.0,74.0,65.5μg/g;重金属元素Cu、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn含量与有机碳含量、小于63μm细粒沉积物呈显著正相关,其在表层沉积物中的分布明显受到有机质含量和沉积物粒径的控制,而As、Hg分布没有明显受到有机质含量和沉积物粒径的影响.富集系数显示, Cr、Co、Ni、Pb、V和Zn为无富集;Cu为轻度富集;As、Cd和Hg为中度富集;依据Q-型聚类分析特征,将研究区域沉积物划分为3个不同的重金属分区,Ⅰ类区沉积物Hg富集程度较高;Ⅱ类区沉积物As富集程度较高;Ⅲ类区重金属元素含量普遍较高,尤其Cu、Zn和Cd含量明显增高.     

海南岛北部海湾沉积物重金属来源、分布主控因素及生态风险评价

基于海南岛北部海口湾、铺前湾、东寨港和木兰湾海域159站位表层沉积物地球化学测试分析,查明沉积物中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn分布特征.运用数理统计方法研究重金属来源并明确其分布主控因素,建立主控因素与重金属含量间定性或半定量关系.评价各重金属元素及其总体污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明,研究区海域沉积物重金属中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别为8.40、0.06、32.50、8.32、0.02、18.77和35.87μg·g-1.Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量高值区主要分布于近岸河流入海口及港湾内部,As由南向北其含量逐渐增加,Cd主要聚集于海口湾内.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr和Cd主要来自陆源输入,包括人为污染和母岩风化产物运移两方面因素,As或有海外物质来源.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr含量分布主控因素为沉积物粒度,即沉积物粒度越细,其所吸附并积累重金属含量越高;As高含量主要受控于自然地质背景;Cd含量分布则反映了城市发展进程对地区污染差异性影响.所调查159站位表层沉积物中As、Cr分别有3站位和6站位属Ⅱ类海洋沉积物,污染程度中等,其余各站位及重金属元素含量均为Ⅰ类沉积物,污染程度低,单因子污染影响程度依次为AsCrPbZnCuCdHg.沉积物重金属总体为低程度污染,总体潜在生态风险低,研究区海域底质生态环境优良.各重金属元素潜在生态危害程度低,生态危害影响依次为AsHgCdPbCuCrZn,As是最主要的生态风险因子.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.