水力停留时间和溶解氧对陶粒CANON反应器的影响

以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为进水,通过接种CANON污泥,以陶粒作为填料,研究了HRT和DO对生物膜CANON反应器的影响.试验过程中,控制进水氨氮浓度基本不变,依次控制反应器的HRT为9、7、5 h,同时控制DO的范围为1.16~3.20 mg·L-1.研究发现:1当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,尽管提高DO有利于提高AOB的活性和系统内基质的传质效果,但是CANON反应器的NH+4-N、TN去除效果依然随着HRT的缩短而下降,尤其当DO超过2.50 mg·L-1时,TN去除效果大幅度下降;2当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,随着HRT的缩短,CANON反应器的短程硝化性能趋于稳定,而当DO超过1.75 mg·L-1时,即使缩短HRT,其短程硝化性能依然遭到严重破坏;3CANON反应器中短程硝化稳定性能和去除效果较佳的条件是HRT为7 h,且DO控制在1.20~1.75 mg·L-1之间.HRT和DO是废水生物处理的重要运行参数,直接影响到生物处理的效果和出水水质,协调控制两者的变化范围,对提高CANON工艺对高氨氮废水的处理效果非常重要.     

污水厂尾水MBBR反硝化深度脱氮填料比较

针对污水处理厂尾水中NO-3-N含量高的特点,采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)对其进行反硝化深度脱氮,并对填料效能进行比较.结果表明:在p H值为7.2~8.0、温度为24~26℃、HRT为12 h、甲醇投加量为25.5 mg·L-1、填料填充率为30%、进水TN浓度为7.5~13.3 mg·L-1、NO-3-N浓度为2.2~12.4 mg·L-1的条件下,MBBR采用聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯泡沫体和陶粒4种填料,均有较好的脱氮效能,其中,聚丙烯填料MBBR的脱氮效能最优,其TN、NO-3-N平均去除率分别达45.3%和76.3%,出水TN、NO-3-N最低为2.4 mg·L-1和0.2 mg·L-1,最大反硝化速率可达10.6 g·m-2·d-1(以NO-3-N计).三维荧光图谱分析表明,各填料MBBR进水和出水中均含有SMP和BOD5,陶粒和聚丙烯填料MBBR对其去除效能较优.     

生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复及其转化为CANON工艺的过程

在温度为30℃±1℃条件下,以改性聚乙烯为填料,人工配置无机NH+4-N废水为进水,研究生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复过程.短程硝化首先通过过量曝气破坏,使NOB适应高浓度游离氨后,在连续曝气条件下,DO控制在0.5 mg·L~(-1)以下,FA控制在1.5 mg·L~(-1)以上,维持反应器运行83 d未实现短程硝化,84 d改连续曝气为间歇曝气,出现NO-2-N积累现象,142 d再次验证这一规律.随着反应器的运行,生物膜系统中为ANAMMOX菌提供了生存环境,厌氧氨氧化作用产生,短程硝化系统逐步转化为CANON工艺,并逐渐增加进水NH+4-N浓度和进水流量,反应器的TN去除率与TN去除负荷逐渐提高.当反应器运行至450 d,TN去除率达到64.03%,去除负荷为2.52 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,一旦NOB适应了高浓度的游离氨,生物膜系统的短程硝化恢复不易实现,但间歇曝气是一个有效的方法,随着反应器的连续运行,短程硝化工艺最终转化为CANON工艺,而且,这一转变进一步强化了短程硝化的稳定性.     

生物膜CANON反应器性能的优化:从FBBR到MBBR

控制温度为30℃±1℃,在移动床式生物膜反应器(MBBR)采用以改性聚乙烯为填料的全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,以无机高NH_4~+-N(约400 mg·L~(-1))人工模拟废水为连续进水,研究MBBR对生物膜CANON工艺脱氮性能的优化.试验控制pH在7.8左右,HRT为6 h,填料填充率为35%,经过一个月调试与培养,NH_4~+-N及TN平均去除率达到74.28%和87.93%,最高分别可达84.68%和98.82%,此时ΔNO-3/ΔTN为0.12,接近理论值0.127,由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行.同时,对比采用相同进水基质及控制条件的固定床式生物膜反应器(FBBR),计算发现MBBR与FBBR工艺NH_4~+-N去除率、TN去除率及去除负荷3组均方差分别为:8.31%和14.06%,7.09%和11.79%,0.17kg·(m3·d)-1和0.27 kg·(m3·d)~(-1),前者均低于后者;并且,在MBBR与FBBR的DO平均浓度分别为1.96 mg·L~(-1)和3.09mg·L~(-1)的情况下,MBBR与FBBR中每升氮去除负荷分别为0.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.37 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,(1)相比FBBR,MBBR具有更加稳定的脱氮性能;(2)相比FBBR,MBBR中每升填料中的微生物具有更高的O2利用效率及总氮去除负荷.     

序批式生物膜CANON工艺的运行与温度的影响

通过序批式生物膜反应器,研究了CANON工艺的运行规律,并研究了温度对CANON工艺的影响.研究发现,通过序批式生物膜反应器反应器可以成功实现CANON工艺,TN去除率可达到88.3%,TN去除负荷达到0.52kg/(m3·d).系统中的NO2--N变化规律可以分为浓度上升期,浓度稳定期与浓度下降期.pH值先降低后升高的拐点与DO突跃的拐点均可作为反应结束的指示参数,DO拐点比pH值拐点出现要提前.在26~35℃之间,可以获得较好的硝化效果与TN去除效果,温度降低到20℃时,厌氧氨氧化性能开始受到显著影响,造成反应器中大量NO2--N积累,而硝化效果在15℃才受到显著影响.反应器中厌氧氨氧化细菌的最适温度约为30℃.     

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

生物陶粒反应器的氢自养反硝化研究

利用氢自养反硝化生物陶粒反应器处理硝酸盐废水,探讨了生物陶粒反应器中氢自养反硝化生物脱氮的实现过程.考察了水力停留时间、进水硝氮负荷、进水pH值、温度、供氢量等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h和48 h时,反应器对硝酸氮的平均去除率分别达到94.54%和97.47%.在水力停留时间为5~16 h时,NO-3-N去除率随水力停留时间的缩短而降低;进水NO-3-N浓度较低时,NO-3-N的降解速率随其浓度的升高而增大,当NO-3-N浓度大于110mg·L-1时,氢自养反硝化反应受到抑制;中偏碱性环境较酸性或碱性环境更利于反应器对硝酸盐的去除;反应器有较宽的温度适应范围,最适温度为25~30℃;当反应器供氢不足时,脱氮效果明显降低,表明了氢自养反硝化菌对氢气利用的专一性.在整个运行阶段,出水中亚硝酸氮浓度一直保持在较低水平.     

降温过程中生物膜CANON反应器的运行特征

本文以低温高氨氮废水为着眼点,通过不断地调节运行工况,探讨降温过程中全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的运行特征,以探索出低温环境下进水NH_4~+-N浓度较高时,CANON工艺获得稳定短程硝化和良好脱氮效果的方法.结果表明:①相较于直接将生物膜CANON反应器的温度条件由中温转变为低温(30℃±1℃→19℃),逐步降温驯化更有利于脱氮功能菌适应低温环境,且每次降温的幅度应尽量减小,同时还应配合运行工况的调节;②温度经25 d逐步降低至19℃左右,18 d后又继续降至15℃左右,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率均能分别长期稳定在90%、70%以上,甚至当温度下降至12℃时,TN去除率与去除负荷仍能分别达到72. 52%、0. 78 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);③降温过程中驯化生物膜CANON污泥时,应优先考虑短程硝化控制.可通过维持一定的剩余NH_4~+-N浓度并严格控制DO浓度,以抑制NOB的活性,从而获得稳定的短程硝化效果.     

好氧条件下CANON工艺的启动研究

为揭示厌氧氨氧化细菌对于DO的适应性及缩短CANON(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite)工艺的启动时间,以海绵为填料,采用小试研究了CANON工艺直接在好氧条件下的启动启动过程中,控制温度在35％℃±1℃,pH 7.39～8.01 之司部分亚硝化在60 d得以建立,亚硝酸盐积累率(NO₂^--N/NO_x^-;-N)达到98％,并保持长期稳定;连续运行至160 d时,厌氧氨氧化作用开始逐步显现,到210 d时,TN去除负荷达到1.22 kg/(m³·d),TN去除率维持在约70％,成功地在好氧条件下启 动了CANON工艺启动过程中发现,以不含有机碳源的氨氮废水启动CANON反应器时,CANON反应器启动成功的标志为：①填料内部开始产气;②总氮损失与硝酸盐增加的比值趋于稳定,理论值为8,在本试验中,二者的比值平均为8.61     

硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行

在某生物除铁除锰水厂,以中试模拟滤柱开展了硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行试验,并分析了氨氮转化去除路径.结果表明,生物除铁除锰滤池历经164 d驯化培养,可实现硝化耦合CANON去除氨氮并稳定运行,特征值ΔNH+4-N/ΔNO-3-N为1.49,生物滤柱对Fe(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)和NH+4-N的氧化去除量分别为(9.87±1.17)、(2.25±0.06)和(1.51±0.06)mg·L-1.基于氮素守恒和溶解氧(DO)守恒分析,通过CANON过程去除的氨氮质量分数为33.48%~38.87%,氨氮去除量与实际需氧量的平均比例为1∶3.79~1∶3.94.温度越低,氨氮经CANON过程去除的质量分数越低.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...