有机污染物对杭州湾海域浮游细菌群落的影响

杭州湾海域剧烈的人为干扰及大量的陆源输入,导致有机物污染严重,是我国近海污染最严重的海域之一.微生物在污染物降解过程中发挥着关键作用并能作为评价污染程度的生物标记,但对于浮游细菌群落如何响应有机污染物尚不清楚.因此,本研究从杭州湾采集了13个站点的表层水样(水表下0.5 m),并采集了邻近外海8个站点的水样作为对照,利用Illumina Mi Seq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,研究不同有机污染程度对浮游细菌群落的影响.结果表明杭州湾有机污染值A(13.2±1.6)显著(P0.001)高于邻近外海(5.4±3.0),且两区域浮游细菌分布和多样性存在显著差异.杭州湾浮游细菌群落优势菌群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria,24.4%±5.5%)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria,16.5%±7.7%)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,13.9%±8.6%),邻近海域主要优势菌群为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,20.1%±7.5%)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,18.4%±1.5%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,17.5%±4.2%)、γ-变形菌纲(16.6%±1.2%)和α-变形菌纲(14.3%±1.7%).多元回归树(multivariate regression tree,MRT)分析表明:悬浮颗粒(suspended particulates,SP)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2)、油污(oil)、有机污染是影响浮游细菌群落多样性的最主要因素,分别解释了22.0%、6.5%、6.0%和5.5%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明:驱动浮游细菌群落变异的环境因子有机污染、化学需氧量(COD)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总氮(TN)、硝酸盐(NO-3)和盐度对物种分布的总解释量为71.0%,而有机污染作为单因子控制了6.5%的群落变异,高于其它单一因子.此外,采用指示值方法共挑选出了35个敏感物种,这些物种相对丰度与有机污染显著相关,可用来指示近海有机污染水平.综上,浮游细菌群落对环境污染敏感,为评价海洋有机污染水平提供了敏感的生物学指标.     

海水养殖尾水直排对河道沉积物细菌群落的影响

海水养殖活动对周边水域沉积物生态环境的影响日益受到关注,微生物群落是反映环境质量变化的一个重要指标.本研究采集了养殖区进出水河道4个位点(1个进水渠位点、出水口和2个出水渠位点)的沉积物,通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)技术对沉积物中的微生物群落进行半定量分析,研究海水养殖尾水直接排放对河道沉积物细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,4个位点中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌类型,主要包括γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria).受养殖尾水排放影响,沉积物微生物生物量明显升高,放线菌门相对丰度降低而拟杆菌门相对丰度升高,氨氧化微生物相对丰度降低.非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析表明大部分沉积物细菌群落按位点聚类.多样性分析表明,未受养殖尾水影响的沉积物细菌群落多样性高于受养殖尾水影响的位点.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明氨氮与底泥沉积物细菌群落结构的相关性最大,对细菌群落的影响最明显.综上,养殖废水直排明显改变了养殖场河道沉积物物理化学性质和细菌群落结构,说明养殖废水的长期直排已严重污染河道环境,并可能会进一步对近海生态环境造成威胁.     

澜沧江流域浮游细菌群落结构特征及驱动因子分析

为探究澜沧江流域的浮游细菌群落结构特征及驱动因子,应用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2017年2月澜沧江流域浮游细菌群落结构特征,并采用Pearson相关性分析(Pearson correlation analysis)和冗余分析(RDA)识别了澜沧江自然河道段和水库段浮游细菌群落结构变化的关键环境因子.结果表明,自然河道段ACE指数和Shannon指数均高于水库段,造成自然河道段和水库段浮游细菌多样性变化的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度(Tur)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index)、p H和总氮(TN).对16S rRNA V3和V4测序,得到用于物种分类的OTU数共26772,涵盖了浮游细菌群落共45门,965属.菌群分类发现,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势门,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)含量相对丰富,占细菌群落的36%~94%.澜沧江流域变形菌门(Proteobacteria)主要包括α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),分别占变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的比例为0.39%~21.56%、0.39%~55.80%和31.09%~99.18%.澜沧江水体浮游细菌群落空间差异明显,影响浮游细菌群落结构变化的环境因子主要为WT、高锰酸盐指数、Tur、DO和TN.自然河道段和水库段影响浮游细菌群落结构的环境因子不同,DO和Tur是影响自然河道段浮游细菌群落结构的关键环境因子,而水库段浮游细菌群落结构主要受WT、高锰酸盐指数和TN的影响.     

大同铅锌尾矿不同污染程度土壤细菌群落分析及生态功能特征

随着工业化飞速发展,矿山开采滞留大量废弃物严重破坏了生态环境,造成的污染亟待解决.以不同污染区为对象,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落的变化,结合土壤理化因子探究土壤细菌群落主要影响因素,并对其潜在生态学功能进行预测.结果表明,受尾矿污染加剧影响,土壤养分流失严重.土壤样品共获得细菌操作分类单元(OTU)14 253个,重度污染区(W1)、中度污染区(W2)、轻度污染区(W3)和清洁区(CK)的OTU数分别为3 240、 3 330、 3 813和3 870个,随着污染加剧,土壤OTU值下降.在土壤细菌群落α多样性分析中,与CK相比,W1显著降低了Chao1、 ACE和Shannon指数(P<0.05),W3无显著差异.土壤细菌群落的优势菌门是放线菌门(β-Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(β-Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(β-Chloroflexi),污染区(W1～W3)提高了放线菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门的相对丰度,W1优势菌门的相对丰度与CK差异性显著(P<0.05).RDA分析表明土壤理化性质与土壤细菌群落的总变异...     

嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物细菌群落多样性

为探究不同人为扰动对自然河流生态环境的影响,以嘉陵江河道沉积物细菌群落为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析工程干扰、支流干扰、采砂干扰、垦殖干扰和无干扰断面河道沉积物细菌的群落组成和功能变化.结果表明,嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物理化性质和细菌群落多样性均具有显著差异(P<0.05).无干扰断面细菌群落多样性最高,同时,采砂干扰和无干扰断面细菌群落均匀度最高,而支流干扰和垦殖干扰均导致细菌群落多样性和均匀度降低.工程干扰对细菌群落组成的影响显著区别于其他4种干扰断面.细菌优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和Vicinamibacteria纲.采砂干扰导致放线菌门增加,工程干扰促进了酸杆菌门的增加.含水率、有机碳、总氮和总磷是影响沉积物微生物群落变化的主要环境因子.细菌群落主要涉及新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程这4类一级...     

南海南部海域浮游细菌群落特征及影响因素研究

采用高通量测序技术,对南海南部海域浮游细菌丰度、群落组成和群落多样性的分布特征及与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明,该研究区域浮游细菌丰度为107~108个/L,近岸大于离岸,同一站位不同水层细菌分布差异明显.优势类群为变形菌门、蓝藻门和拟杆菌门,优势亚群为 γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、蓝藻菌纲和黄杆菌纲,研究区域内不同水体间物种组成存在较大差异,另外该海域还存在大量未被认知的细菌类群.该海域浮游细菌种类丰富,具有较高的多样性指数(H￠)(4.44~7.00),研究区域内表层水体H￠接近,分别为5.26、5.33和5.07,处于上升流的次表层水体中H￠为6.70明显高于其他水层.DOC和磷酸盐是影响该海域浮游细菌丰度的主要因素,同时磷酸盐也是影响其群落多样性的主要因素,表明该海域异养浮游细菌生长主要受P的限制.     

生物炭添加对半干旱区土壤细菌群落的影响

以半干旱区固原生态试验站生物炭修复4a的表层土壤为对象，采用高通量测序技术研究了不同添加类型（槐树皮生物炭、锯末生物炭）和比例（1%、3%、5%，质量百分比）的生物炭对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.结果表明，生物炭应用提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性，锯末生物炭优于槐树皮生物炭，且3%锯末生物炭对细菌群落的多样性影响最佳，其香农指数为6.22；优势门主要为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和Saccharibacteria，相对丰度共占76.80%~85.31%；优势纲有放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria），其相对丰度占48.13%~57.08%；属水平上，施加生物炭增加了芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度，降低了土微菌属（Pedomicrobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的相对丰度；层级聚类及冗余分析（RDA）发现，施加生物炭对细菌群落结构有影响，其中，微生物量碳、含水率、铵态氮、有机碳对细菌群落结构的影响较大.细菌优势门与环境因子相关性热图分析表明，铵态氮与放线菌门、绿弯菌门呈显著相关性.铵态氮是影响细菌群落的主要理化因子.     

高通量测序法表征潜流人工湿地中不同植物根际细菌群落特征

为了研究人工湿地中植物根际、污水水质和深度等对细菌群落结构特征分布的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对人工湿地中芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)2种植物根际3个不同深度细菌群落特征进行了研究.细菌群落丰富度和多样性研究结果表明,芦苇根际细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于香蒲根际,细菌在芦苇根际周围可以更好地生存;同一植物根际细菌的丰富度和多样性随着深度的增加逐渐减少.相似度和差异性分析结果表明,相同植物根际细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同根际群落结构有一定的差别.优势细菌菌群分析结果发现,细菌群落在门类水平上达到13门以上,优势细菌种群均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为主,相对丰度约为55%~78%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要有α-变形杆菌纲、β-变形菌、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、相对丰度达到50%以上,植物根际富集的主要纲类细菌是β-变形菌纲.影响细菌群落结构丰富度和多样性的主要环境因素是营养物浓度、植物、采样深度和温度.     

3种碳添加对退化农田土壤固碳细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳添加对退化农田土壤固碳细菌群落结构多样性的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对3种碳源添加后黑龙江省嫩江县退化农田土壤的固碳细菌群落结构及多样性进行研究.结果表明:①在97%相似度水平下,秸秆、生物炭添加后土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、Observed species和Shannon指数高于纳米碳添加后的土壤.②群落组成方面,在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌门,在生物炭添加后的相对丰度最高,为94.35%;在纲水平上,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为优势菌纲,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为67.45%;在目水平上,着色菌目(Chromatiales)为优势菌目,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为50.83%;在科水平上,节外硫红螺菌科(Ectothiorhodospiraceae)为优势菌科,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为34.34%;在属水平上,硫碱弧菌(Thioalkalivibrio)、Sulfurifustis、Thiobacillus为优势菌属,分别在生物炭、纳米碳和秸秆添加后的相对丰度最高,相对丰度分别为17.02%、16.40%、13.03%.③层次聚类和主成分分析结果显示,生物炭和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著,进一步进行组间差异显著性分析表明,显著差异标记主要富集在生物炭添加的土壤中,主要为硫碱弧菌和硫腺菌(Thiocystis)最为显著.④冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中,土壤pH和全氮含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要理化性质.上述结果表明,秸秆添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性影响较小,生物炭添加可显著提高土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,纳米碳添加对土壤固碳细菌的影响具有一定特异性;土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH和全氮含量显著影响.     

不同空气质量下生物气溶胶中细菌群落特征研究

该研究基于16S rRNA的高通量测序方法对2018年11月-2019年1月青岛冬季不同空气质量下生物气溶胶中的细菌群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,重度污染天气下群落的物种丰富度和多样性升高,粗粒径样本中细菌多样性和丰富度较高。采样期间,门水平上主要的优势菌是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus),其相对丰度随空气质量变化呈现不同变化,重度污染条件下,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的丰度明显升高。属水平上优势菌有栖热菌属(Thermus,20.3%)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum,10.1%)、拟无枝酸菌属(Amycolatopsis,3.2%)、鞘氨醇菌属(Sphingomonas,2.9%)等,相对丰度和物种组成随空气质量和粒径变化较大。潜在致病菌和致病基因丰度并不随空气污染的增加而增加。分析显示,至少10个环境因子与群落结构显著相关,O_3浓度与累积丰度约占7%的菌属呈显著正相关,可能对细菌群落有重要的影响。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.