2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英（TCDD）短期染毒可造成着床前胚胎丢失并伴随雌性生殖器官中毒物相关蛋白的诱导表达（Short Time Exposure of TCDD Causing Loss of Implantation Failure of Embryos and Its Associated with Induced Expression of Relevant Proteins）

为探明妊娠早期胚胎的丢失是否与卵巢、输卵管、子宫组织受到2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英(TCDD)直接毒害有关,检测了NIH小鼠胚胎着床前期和后期TCDD暴露对胚胎毒性影响的敏感性,并利用免疫组化方法分析了模型动物肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中TCDD所引起的AhR、ARNT以及Cyp1a2分子标记物的变化.检测发现:妊娠第9d,100ng·kg-1·d-1剂量TCDD经口染毒,造成胚胎着床数量减少,且着床前期暴露的影响大于着床后期;子宫蜕膜反应受到明显抑制;胚胎迁移率没有明显变化,但胚胎数量减少.免疫组织化学分析发现正常组小鼠的肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中有AhR和Cyp1a2弱阳性信号表达,ARNT有细胞核的强阳性信号表达;妊娠第1～8d、第1～3d和第4～8d处理组小鼠肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、Cyp1a2的阳性面积和光密度值均高于正常组;随处理时间和组织蓄积量的增加,ARNT在组织中的变化由胞核(妊娠第1～3d组)表达到胞浆(妊娠第4～8d组)表达,然后完全无表达(妊娠第1～8d组).以上研究结果表明:TCDD对早期妊娠小鼠子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、ARNT和Cyp1a2的激活和代谢方式与肝脏相同,说明雌性生殖系统中的组织有TCDD蓄积和代谢活性,这可能是导致早期胚胎迁移、着床等过程改变,造成胚胎丢失的重要原因.     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声在异位妊娠诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断早期异位妊娠的临床价值．方法：回顾了130例术前经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查考虑为早期异位妊娠患者,结合手术或相关治疗和术后病理结果综合分析．结果：经阴道彩色多普勒超声提示异位妊娠130例中,经手术确诊120例,误诊10例．结论：经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断早期异位妊娠有极其重要的临床应用价值．参6．     

水体中磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的自然光降解

实验研究了磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶连续暴露于自然光下72 h,在pH值为4.0、7.0、9.0水体中的光降解行为,同时考察了黑暗条件下对照样品在不同pH条件下的稳定性.实验表明,光强、光照时间、水体pH都直接影响到磺胺甲恶唑的去除率.在自然光照环境下,不同pH溶液中的磺胺甲恶唑均易发生光降解,而黑暗对照样品去除率较小.甲氧苄氨嘧啶则比较稳定,几乎未发生降解,但黑暗对照样品在pH值为4.0和7.0的溶液中,与起始浓度相比,去除率大于10%,这可能主要与该药物在不同pH溶液中的离子形态及光照过程中的温度波动有关.     

磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在土壤中的好氧降解及对微生物呼吸的影响

实验研究了抗生素药物在不同土壤中（不同种类以及有无添加牛粪）的降解行为,同时采用基质诱导呼吸法考察了药物在土壤中对微生物呼吸的影响．结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤在前20d内轻微促进了磺胺甲恶唑的降解效率,磺胺甲恶唑的快速降解主要是微生物作用引起,而甲氧苄氨嘧啶则在好氧条件下表现出较强的持久性．同控制土壤样品对比,药物对土壤...     

啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

采用田间试验及气相色谱检测方法,研究了啶虫脒在甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.)和土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明,啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中消解较快.在甘蓝中半衰期为1.4～1.6 d,药后3d消解90%以上;在土壤中的半衰期为1.8～1.9 d,药后7 d消解90%以上.3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂,45、22.5 g·hm-2,施药2次,药后3、5、7 d苹果和土壤中残留量均小于2 mg·kg-1.     

上海某城市污水处理厂污水中药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的调查研究

通过两次采集上海某大型污水处理厂的水样,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-M S/MS)技术对水样中的94种典型药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)进行分析,并初步分析了污水处理工艺对典型药物的处理效果.结果显示,该厂污水中有咖啡因、布洛芬、酮洛芬、双氯酚酸、氧氟沙星、睾酮、诺龙、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲恶唑、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素、氯贝酸、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙等15种药物被检出和定量.初沉出水中药物总浓度为8 643～10 481 ng·L1,主要为咖啡因,出厂水中药物总浓度为1 005 ～1 076 ng·L1.其中,磺胺二甲基嘧啶、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素在相关报道中较少进行检测或没有检出.磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙4种药物经生化反应池(A/A/O)和二沉池处理之后未检出.以A/A/O为核心技术的污水处理工艺对咖啡因、氯霉素、甲砜霉素和诺龙等药物处理效率较好(85％～99％),但对大部分药物处理效果并不显著.     

5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性

水产集约化养殖的迅速发展带来的抗生素环境问题已经受到各国学者的关注,尤其是环境残留抗生素对微生物耐药性的诱导和抗生素在食物中的残留,直接影响水生生态系统健康以及人类健康。应用固相萃取-高压液相色谱-串联质谱方法（SPE-LC-MS/MS）研究不同生物养殖水体（鱼塘、螃蟹池、蛏池、虾池、鸭池）中残留抗生素类型和质量浓度。结果表明,基于LC-MS/MS分析的固相萃取方法对滨海养殖水体中5类14种抗生素残留的检测具有较高的萃取效率,并且检测方法回收率在63%~124%之间;在典型滨海养殖区不同养殖水体中检出了3类7种抗生素（含磺胺类增效剂甲氧苄氨嘧啶）残留,最高质量浓度分别为诺氟沙星（3.54 ng.L-1,虾池）、氧氟沙星（14.8 ng.L-1,蛏池）、磺胺嘧啶（5.36 ng.L-1,鸭池）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（7.35 ng.L-1,虾池）、磺胺甲噁唑（18.5 ng.L-1,虾池）、氟甲砜霉素（5.00 ng.L-1,虾池）和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（40.2 ng.L-1,鸭池）,均低于已有的报道质量浓度水平。养殖水体中残留抗生素种类和质量浓度与养殖生物类型有关,螃蟹养殖水体抗生素残留种类（4种）最少,鱼和鸭养殖水体抗生素残留检出达6种,而检出的抗生素最高残留质量浓度主要来自于虾养殖水体。     

妊娠期糖尿病的早期干预与母婴结局的相关性研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病的早期干预与母婴结局之间的相关性.方法回顾性分析妇幼保健院2006年1月-2009年1月住院分娩的60例妊娠期糖尿病患者,其中46例在孕中期行糖筛查/OGTT确诊为妊娠期糖尿病并给予治疗,14例在孕34周以后诊断为妊娠期糖尿病.结果在孕24-28周进行糖筛查/OGTT确诊为GDM,并接受治疗的孕妇中妊娠期高血压病、羊水过多、伤口感染发生率均明显低于在34周以后诊断并接受治疗者(P0.05);而两组剖宫产、产后出血的发生率相比差异无统计学意义.早产儿发生率前者明显低于后者(P0.05),新生儿窒息、巨大儿的发生率前者低于后者,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05).在孕24-28周进行糖筛查/OGTT确诊为GDM,并接受治疗在终止妊娠前血糖控制水平达标者早产儿巨大儿发生率明显低于在34周以后诊断并接受治疗者(P0.05),新生儿窒息的发生率低于在孕24-28周进行糖筛查/OGTT确诊为GDM,并接受治疗在终止妊娠前血糖控制水平仍未达标者,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论孕期行糖筛查/OGTT,早发现和诊断糖尿病、及时有效地控制高血糖,能减少妊娠并发症、改善母儿预后.表3,参6.     

水和土壤中磺胺和激素类药物的同时分析方法

建立了一种水和土壤中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲(噁)唑6种磺胺类药物和17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、雌酮、雌三醇、炔雌醇、乙烷雌酚6种激素类药物同时分析的方法.具体步骤:水样过滤后使用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱进行净化富集;土壤样品经加速溶剂提取(ASE)之后过Oasis HLB小柱净化富集;采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)进行检测,分别以乙腈和1mL·L-1甲酸溶液、乙腈和1 mL· L-1氨水溶液作为流动相.磺胺在水和土壤中的回收率分别为87.4％～ 103.6％和58.2％～80.0％,激素在水和土壤中的回收率分别为84.8％～ 101.8％和62.8％～79.3％,相对标准偏差均小于10.3％.水和土壤中磺胺的检测限分别为0.11～0.24ng·L-1和0.01～0.02ng·g-1,激素的检测限分别为0.31 ～2.14 ng·L-1和0.03～0.21ng·g-1.用上述方法检测宿迁某典型养殖场周边的地表水和土壤,结果表明采用该方法检测环境样品中的磺胺和激素类药物是可行的.     

平消胶囊在配合恶性肿瘤放疗中的临床效果观察

目的:探讨平消胶囊在配合恶性肿瘤放疗中的临床效果.方法:将我院60例恶性肿瘤患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,两组患者均给予放疗,对照组未服用任何中药,治疗组服用平消胶囊.结果:治疗后两组患者的食欲、睡眠均有所改善,治疗组的有效率为50.0%,显著高于对照组的26.7%,治疗组患者治疗的生存质量较对照组明显提高,以上差异有统计学意义(P0.05).治疗组化疗药物引起的恶心呕吐、白细胞下降、头晕、合并感染、血红蛋白减少、脱发等发生均较对照组明显减少(P0.05).结论:平消胶囊用于配合恶性肿瘤放疗中能有效控制肿瘤生长,提高机体的免疫功能,并能提高患者的生存质量,减轻放化疗毒副作用、保证放化疗顺利完成,从而延长患者生命的作用,值得进一步研究及推广.表3,参5.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.