微生物-铁氧化物交互作用对黄土中砷活化迁移的影响

中国黄土高原地区普遍存在地下水砷超过饮用水标准问题,迫切需要深入认识和理解高砷地下水形成机制.在分析黄土中砷的含量、赋存状态基础上,以乳酸钠为有机碳源,开展缺氧条件下厌氧微生物-铁氧化物交互作用影响黄土中砷活化迁移的模拟实验研究.结果表明黄土中砷含量在23~30 mg·kg-1,变化范围很小.砷主要以吸附态、铁氧化物结合态、残渣态形式存在,平均值分别为10.57 mg·kg-1(占总砷37.76%)、10.12 mg·kg-1(占总砷36.15%)、7.19 mg·kg-1(占总砷25.69%);当水中存在有机物形成缺氧环境时,厌氧微生物异化铁还原菌(DIRB)和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)直接或间接还原铁氧化物引起部分铁氧化物分解,导致吸附态和铁氧化物结合态砷部分释放到地下水中,引起地下水中砷升高,砷释放量主要与水中有机物浓度有关.研究表明,当有机物浓度达到100 mg·L-1时,固液比为1∶10,在土著微生物作用下,砷浓度可以达到15μg·L-1;接种DIRB和SRB以及两种微生物同时存在都有明显的促进黄土中砷活化迁移的作用,水中砷浓度可以达到40μg·L-1.     

耐酸砷还原菌Bacillus sp.strain P3-23的分离鉴定及其对高砷土壤砷释放影响

砷还原微生物在原生高砷地下水形成中起关键作用,研究其对不同环境因素改变的响应以及对砷迁移与转化的影响是十分必要的。从石门土壤中分离得到一株耐酸砷还原菌,研究其形态和生理生化特征,通过分子生物学和微生物学手段对其进行系统分类和生理生化特性鉴定,并使用微生物学方法在不同温度、pH值和电子供体条件下进行培养,探究其对环境因素波动的适应能力,检测菌株对高砷土壤砷释放的影响。实验结果表明:该耐酸砷还原菌为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)成员,故命名为Bacillus sp.strain P3-23(以下简称P3-23);菌株P3-23最适宜的生长温度为30℃,在pH值为3.5~7.5范围内均可生长且具有砷还原能力,能够利用乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、柠檬酸钠、酵母味素、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖为电子供体;菌株P3-23能够在72 h内完全还原2.0 mM As(Ⅴ)且菌液浓度呈上升趋势,具有强耐砷能力,40.0 mM砷存在条件下仍能生长;菌株P3-23促进土壤中砷释放能力较强,砷形态分析显示释放的可溶性砷中As³⁺占比达83.3%以上。菌株P3-23的分离不仅丰富了人们对砷还原微生物的认识,也说明砷还原微生物对不同环境因素胁迫具有相应的应答机制,预示着其可能存在于极端环境中。对不同环境中砷还原微生物进行研究,在完善砷的生物地球化学循环模式的同时有助于砷污染机制及砷修复生物手段的探索。     

Sustainability management in product development projects – the ABB experience

This article describes how ABB worked with environmental considerations when they developed their new capacitor. The sustainable development priorities are now integrated within their mainstream product development process model. The fact that ABB started a mandatory use of their GATE Model, including the sustainability considerations, verifies that ABB considers it to be a commercially sound methodology. The studied project resulted in a product with considerably better environmental performance than the traditional technology. One key factor is that the sustainability interest was truly advocated and supported by the management of the project.     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil via biovolatilization by genetically engineered bacteria under laboratory conditions

In Rhodopseudomonas palustris, an arsM gene, encoding bacterial and archaeal homologues of the mammalian Cyt19 As(III) S-adenosylmethionine methytransferase, was regulated by arsenicals. An expression of arsM was introduced into strains for the methylation of arsenic. When arsM was expressed in Sphingomonas desiccabilis and Bacillus idriensis, it had 10 folds increase of methyled arsenic gas compared to wild type in aqueous system. In soil system, about 2.2%–4.5% of arsenic was removed by biovolatilization during 30 days. This study demonstrated that arsenic could be removed through volatilization from the contaminated soil by bacteria which have arsM gene expressed. These results showed that it is possible to use microorganisms expressing arsM as an inexpensive, efficient strategy for arsenic bioremediation from contaminated water and soil.     

微生物铁氧化作用对砷迁移转化的影响

采用厌氧培养的方法,从砷污染的水稻上中富集依赖硝酸盐的铁氧化菌群,通过监测培养体系中Fe和A$的形态变化模拟水稻厌氧条件下微生物铁氧化过程对As迁移转化的影响.结果表明,约96%外源添加的Fe(Ⅱ)可在10d内氧化成Fe(Ⅲ),As(Ⅲ)对Fe(Ⅱ)的初期氧化速率具有一定的抑制作用;在微生物铁氧化过程中,As(Ⅲ)被氧...     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.     

Phylogenetic analysis and arsenate reduction effect of the arsenic-reducing bacteria enriched from contaminated soils at an abandoned smelter site

Microbial reduction of As(V)(i.e.,arsenate)plays an important role in arsenic(As)mobilization in aqueous environment.In this study,we investigated As(V)reduction characteristics of the bacteria enriched from the arsenic-contaminated soil at an abandoned smelter site.It was found that As(V)was completely reduced to As(III)(i.e.,arsenite)in 21 h.After 3-d incubation,a yellow solid was precipitated and the concentration of As(III)decreased sharply.After 150 h incubation,ca.65%of soluble arsenic was removed fro...     

用硫酸盐还原菌去除废水中砷、锑的实验研究

为了明确硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）同时去除废水中砷和锑的可行性以及去除过程中两种元素有无相互影响,我们设置了对照组、砷处理组、锑处理组、砷和锑处理组,并分析和比较了SRB在不同分组的生长差异及砷和锑去除率的异同等。结果表明,SRB可去除95%以上的总锑（Sb（T））,但对同一条件下、同样初始浓度的总砷（As（T））,去除率仅达6%。两种元素共存时,SRB对Sb（T）的去除效率没有显著变化,但明显提高了对As（T）的去除效率。处理过程中,水体中Sb（T）迅速下降至较低浓度并保持稳定,As（T）下降较慢且在后期因沉淀物再次溶解而升高。总体来看,SRB除Sb较为高效,除As则对基质理化条件更为敏感,需要探讨更为适合的基质环境来强化对两种元素的去除效果。     

Bacterial community succession during the enrichment of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria at high arsenic concentrations

To generate cost-effective technologies for the removal of arsenic from water, we developed an enrichment culture of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria (CAOs) that could effectively oxidize widely ranging concentrations of As(III) to As(V). In addition, we attempted to elucidate the enrichment process and characterize the microbial composition of the enrichment culture. A CAOs enrichment culture capable of stably oxidizing As(III) to As(V) was successfully constructed through repeated batch cultivation for more than 700 days, during which time the initial As(III) concentrations were increased in a stepwise manner from 1 to 10-12 mmol/L. As(III) oxidation activity of the enrichment culture gradually improved, and 10-12 mmol/L As(III) was almost completely oxidized within four days. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the enrichment culture varied drastically during the enrichment process depending on the As(III) concentration. Isolation and characterization of bacteria in the enrichment culture revealed that the presence of multiple CAOs with various As(III) oxidation abilities enabled the culture to adapt to a wide range of As(III) concentrations. The CAOs enrichment culture constructed here may be useful for pretreatment of water from which arsenic is being removed.     

给水管网中耐氯分枝杆菌的灭活特性及机制研究

近年来,在饮用水管网中检测到耐受消毒剂的微生物,对于饮用水安全造成威胁.课题组由南方某城市自来水管网中分离出1株耐氯的产黏液分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria mucogenicum),并对其灭活特性和耐氯机制进行了研究.使用自由氯、一氯胺和二氧化氯对其进行消毒实验,测定CT值.99.9%灭活产黏液分枝杆菌时,自由氯的CT值为(76.25±47.55)mg·min·L-1,一氯胺为(1 396±382)mg·min·L-1,二氧化氯为(13.5±4.9)mg·min·L-1.采用透射电镜对产黏液分枝杆菌的消毒过程进行观察,发现消毒后细菌结构疏松,细胞器层次变得不清晰,核心肿胀溶解.产黏液分枝杆菌具有较好的疏水性,测定其表面疏水率为37.2%,远高于其他细菌,使得亲水性消毒剂不易进入细菌内部,是其耐受含氯消毒剂的原因之一.     

污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池运行特性研究

实验采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了运行特性对污泥为燃料的MFC(SMFC)的影响.研究表明,相对于未搅拌情况,搅拌时SMFC最大输出功率由45.94mW/m2分别增加到124.03mW/m2(1300r/min)和136.5mW/m2(2600 r/min),主要是由于搅拌有利于改善SMFC内物质的传递. 温度对SMFC的产电特性影响较明显,但在一定区间内(如20~25℃;30~40℃;45~50℃)变化不明显,说明产电微生物有一定的温度适应范围,这也可能是在不同温度下产电微生物不同导致.相对于采用未经处理的剩余污泥为燃料,微波处理后的污泥和微波处理过滤后的上清液做燃料时SMFC输出功率迅速增加,这主要是由于污泥中的微生物竞争作用引起.阴极面积的增加有利于降低阴极电势,降低SMFC内阻,从而促进功率密度的增加.     

砷污染湿地生境下土壤微生物多样性及群落结构特征

为研究As（砷）污染对微生物多样性的影响,找寻有利于As污染修复的抗As菌种,利用高通量测序技术分析As胁迫〔w（As）分别为0、80、100、150、200和400 mg/kg,依次记为AT0组、AT80组、AT100组、AT150组、AT200组和AT400组〕对湿地生境中土壤微生物多样性及群落结构特征的影响.结果表明:As污染会引起微生物多样性和群落结构的变化,但并不是简单的负相关.在各处理组中,AT80组的土壤中微生物多样性最高,OTU（operational taxonomic units）数高达1 849,较未经As处理的AT0组增加了58.9%,说明低As胁迫在一定程度上会刺激As敏感微生物的生长繁殖,如Desulfovibrio（脱硫弧菌属）和Allobaculum等菌属,使群落结构更加复杂多样.高w（As）（400 mg/kg）对微生物有明显的抑制作用,导致某些物种消亡和多样性下降.As胁迫会诱导抗As微生物〔如Pseuomonas（假单胞菌属）〕成为优势类群,群落结构趋于稳定、单一.微生物群落结构对不同w（As）胁迫有明显的响应特征,可作为As污染湿地土壤质量评价的灵敏指标.在AT400组中存在大量的Pseudomonas veronii,可为As污染湿地微生物修复提供借鉴.研究显示,微生物对As污染具有较为敏感的响应,其中,Proteobacteria（变形菌门）和Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）为As污染生境中微生物优势门类并且与非专性吸附态As和谷胱甘肽含量呈正相关.      

玉米秸秆生物炭固化细菌对镉砷吸附

为了确保细菌对镉砷复合污染土壤的修复效果,对细菌进行固定化处理.本研究将细菌悬液(Delftia sp. B9, B9)、玉米秸秆生物炭(corn stalks biochar,CSB)以及玉米秸秆生物炭-细菌复合体(corn stalks biochar-bacteria complex,B-CSB)作为3种吸附材料,探究3种材料对镉和砷的吸附特性及pH对3种材料去除水中镉砷离子性能的影响,进行了等温吸附模型拟合,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外变换光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对3种材料进行表征分析,同时探究添加B9、 CSB和B-CSB对土壤中镉和砷形态变化的影响.结果表明, 3种材料对Cd~(2+)的饱和吸附量分别为49.43、 82.68和75.38 mg·g~(-1);对As的饱和吸附量分别为24.67、 42.92和34.03 mg·g~(-1).添加B-CSB可使土壤中的弱酸可溶态Cd显著下降,残渣态Cd显著增加;铁型砷含量显著减少,残渣态砷含量增加.B-CSB是一种更有效地修复镉砷复合污染的材料.     

Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.     

环丙沙星胁迫猪粪生物转化中抗性基因微生物响应分析

抗性基因（Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs）是一种新兴污染物,持续累积会引发环境健康风险,也可通过水平转移诱导耐药细菌产生,从而危害人类健康与国家生物安全.当前关于ARGs的研究多集中于水、土壤、大气等环境介质,固体废弃物领域ARGs研究尚局限于其丰度变化与影响因素方面,对抗生素-ARGs剂量-效应关系、导致ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应机制仍有待深入研究.基于此,开展了不同浓度水平环丙沙星（Ciprofloxacin,CIP）胁迫下猪粪堆肥试验,环丙沙星添加量分别为25 mg/kg（A25）、50 mg/kg（A50）、100 mg/kg（A100）,同时设置空白对照0 mg/kg（CK）.采用分子生物学手段、网络分析、统计学分析等方法,解析了不同浓度环丙沙星胁迫猪粪好氧堆肥过程中喹诺酮类ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应关系,并重点探讨了潜在宿主菌中致病菌的分布及其与ARGs的相关性.结果表明:①经堆肥处理,CK、A25和A100堆体中喹诺酮类ARGs总丰度均受到不同程度削减,A50堆体中ARGs总丰度未被削减（升高2.73倍）.而高温期除CK外,3个处理组中ARGs丰度均显著降低（P < 0.05）,表明堆肥高温期或是削减ARGs的关键阶段.②狭义梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、水微菌属（Aquamicrobium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）及交替赤杆菌属（Altererythrobacter）既是堆肥环境中优势菌属,也是喹诺酮类ARGs潜在宿主微生物,主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）.③丰度较高的致病菌Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和链球菌（Streptococcus）是喹诺酮类ARGs的潜在宿主菌,且至堆肥腐熟期,仍有部分致病菌均未被完全去除,可见猪粪堆肥过程中存在ARGs向致病菌转移的环境健康风险.研究显示,加强高温期干预调控,是有效阻控ARGs环境污染行为的关键节点,研究可为固废资源化过程中ARGs环境健康风险防控提供参考.      

典型高校公共场所室内空气微生物分布特征

公共场所室内空气中有害微生物引起的健康风险越来越受到人们的关注.本研究针对典型高校公共场所室内空气,考察了不同类型场所空气中总异养菌的浓度水平及其与颗粒物浓度、活动人数、温度、湿度等影响因素的相关性.结果表明,某高校体育场馆空气中总异养菌浓度显著高于教室、宿舍等场所,为13~154 CFU·m-3.针对多个体育场馆的分析结果表明,活动人数对室内空气中微生物浓度影响最大,与总异养菌浓度呈线性正相关,回归分析得到的R2达0.92.室内空气中PM_(2.5)、PM10及温度、湿度均与空气微生物浓度无显著相关关系.针对空气中抗生素抗性菌的研究表明,室内空气中具有氨苄青霉素、四环素和青霉素抗性的总异养菌比例为20%~50%,其中,可吸入异养菌中氨苄青霉素抗性菌比例可达40%.     

砷污染湖滨湿地底泥微生物群落结构及多样性

为研究高原砷污染湖滨湿地底泥微生物群落结构及多样性特征,探寻底泥砷含量及砷形态与微生物之间的联系,采集云南省阳宗海东、西、南、北岸湖滨湿地底泥样品,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了砷污染湖滨湿地底泥微生物丰富度特征,探讨了不同砷形态差异对微生物群落的影响.结果显示,底泥砷含量对微生物丰富度影响显著,砷含量高的南岸区域微生物的丰富度较高,OTU为1286~1473.而砷含量较低的西岸区域微生物丰富度也随之较低,OTU为693~1339.阳宗海湖滨湿地底泥微生物群落结构稳定,主要优势类群为Proteobacteria（变形菌门,15.6%~59.6%）、Chloroflexi（绿弯菌门,10.1%~44.9%）及少量的Actinobacteria（放线菌门）和Acidobacteria（酸杆菌门）.底泥中砷形态主要以残渣态砷（F5）和无定型氧化物结合态砷（F3）为主,无定型氧化物结合态砷（F3）对底泥微生物类群影响最为显著.同时,底泥中生物有效态砷（非专性吸附态砷+专性吸附态砷+无定型氧化物结合态砷）占到19.3%~58.6%,存在环境释放风险.研究结果加深了对砷污染高原湖泊底泥中微生物群落的认识,为湖泊砷污染防治提供微生物治理的理论基础和科学依据.     

贫营养和痕量抗生素对质粒抗生素抗性适应度代价的影响

本文针对饮用水系统中营养和抗生素水平对质粒抗生素抗性的适应度代价进行了研究.选取了p ACYC184、RP4和PBR322这3种不同的抗性质粒,发现在不同的营养水平下,抗性质粒的适应度代价具有普遍性.而且,营养水平越低,其适应度代价表现得越明显.另外,痕量浓度的抗生素也会影响抗性质粒的适应度代价.本研究中,小于50%MIC的抗生素浓度对野生菌的损伤或抑制作用不足以抗衡抗性质粒的适应度代价,质粒难以维持.因而,推断在饮用水系统(贫营养和ng·L-1水平的抗生素)中,质粒抗生素抗性的适应度代价较大,质粒不易维持,在饮用水系统中传播和扩散的风险较小.     

螺旋霉素废水处理过程中菌群结构、水质特征及抗性基因之间关系分析

抗生素制药废水常含有大量抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARG）,传播抗性污染的风险高于城市污水,但目前人们对抗生素制药废水处理过程中ARG转归影响机制研究尚有不足.本研究采用高通量测序考察某螺旋霉素制药废水厂A²O工艺过程中菌群结构变化,并通过多种统计学分析方法考察菌群结构、水质特征及ARG之间的相互关系.结果表明,生物处理单元中污泥的菌群结构受进水水质影响较小,其中厌氧和缺氧池中均以产甲烷菌与硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌,好氧池和二沉池中优势菌群的功能较为复杂;A²O系统对常规污染物去除效果较好,但不能稳定削减潜在致病菌丰度.水质特征、菌群结构和ARG之间存在显著相互影响关系,其中废水处理过程中生物量、NH₄⁺-N和化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）与ARG和可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGE）的分布密切相关.在水相和泥相中对ARG和MGE产生显著影响的菌属不同,而且泥相中有更多的潜在致病菌与ARG显著相关性,即污泥中微生物同时获得耐药性和致病性的可能性比水相中高.本研究可为今后抗生素制药废水处理过程的抗性污染控制提供科学参考.