银川市农田土壤中多环芳烃污染及风险评价

为准确了解银川市农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染状况、空间分布特征及其生态风险,文章采集银川市农田表层土壤样品共91个,采用高效液相色谱法检测了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,分析其污染特征及空间分布状况,对PAHs来源进行分析,并对土壤中PAHs潜在的生态风险和健康风险进行了评价。结果表明：土壤中∑PAHs含量在ND～1 517.37μg/kg之间,平均值为241.49μg/kg,16种PAHs单体变异系数均大于1,区域分异显著;未污染、轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染的样品分别占到样品总数的60.44%、32.97%、2.19%和4.40%;16种PAHs单体的空间分布差异较大,东南部和西南部含量较高;源解析结果显示银川市农田土壤中PAHs的主要来源为煤、化石燃料等的高温燃烧以及汽车尾气排放和汽油源;生态风险评价结果显示,PAHs毒性当量范围为0～1.1×10³μg/kg,平均值为52.04μg/kg,整体潜在生态风险较低,但部分样品具有较高的生态风险;健康风险评价结果显示,非致癌风险均在可接受的标准范围,但是有7个样品的BaP致癌风险超过美国环境保护局推荐的致癌水...     

滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

2012年,每两个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,滴水湖水系∑PAHs变化范围为74.03~579.20ng/g,平均值为272.55ng/g.其中,闸外引水河[(407.64±6.90)ng/g]≈闸内引水河[(427.99±213.84)ng/g]>滴水湖[(156.33±62.00)ng/g].研究区各点蒽/(蒽+菲)比值均大于0.1,说明PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧源.生态风险评价表明,滴水湖水系沉积物PAHs不存在严重的生态风险,但闸外和闸内引水河沉积物PAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,湖区沉积物PAHs则无潜在风险.     

广西水生蔬菜土壤多环芳烃污染特征

为研究水生蔬菜土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,以广西水生蔬菜和相邻地块陆生蔬菜土壤作为研究对象,采集表层土壤,比较16种PAHs的污染特征,分析PAHs主要来源,评价潜在的生态风险。结果表明,研究区内水生蔬菜土壤中5、6环PAHs和7种致癌性PAHs的含量显著地高于陆生蔬菜土壤,2,3环PAHs的含量低于陆生蔬菜土壤,4环PAHs的含量没有显著差异;水生蔬菜和陆生蔬菜土壤中7种致癌性芳烃∑7cPAHs的平均贡献率分别为49. 03%和37. 61%,大部分样点属于重度污染水平;三种水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的污染模式相似,以4,5环PAHs为主,其次为2,3环PAHs,6环PAHs的含量最低。通过同分异构体比值法和主要成分分析法分析,发现土壤PAHs的主要来源为机动车尾气排放和生物质不完全燃烧。水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的苯并(a)芘总毒性当量为174. 59μg/kg,显著高于陆生蔬菜土壤的105. 54μg/kg,二者均低于加拿大土壤质量指标600μg/kg,但潜在的生态风险不可忽视。     

东平湖表层沉积物中PAHs来源分析及生态风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱方法对东平湖表层沉积物中13种多环芳烃进行了分析测定,结果表明:东平湖PAHs含量为49.40~133.67ng/g,湖东南站位表层沉积物中PAHs总量含量最高。多环芳烃的含量沿湖水流向依次降低。分析发现东平湖表层沉积物中PAHs主要污染源为燃料燃烧、油类高温裂解、泄露。东平湖表层沉积物中的PAHs污染生态风险较低,单个点位芴的浓度稍高,存在潜在生态风险。     

上海北部郊区土壤多环芳烃含量及来源分析

为研究上海北部郊区农田土壤的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量特征,野外采集表层土壤样品,通过室内分析方法测定了土壤中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,在研究区土壤中16种优控PAHs总含量(w(PAH₁₆₎)为203.8～6　753.9 ng/g, 平均值为1　172.7 ng/g. 相对于荷兰的土壤修复目标值而言,上海北部郊区部分地块农田表层土壤PAHs含量偏高.说明研究区农田土壤已经受到了一定程度的PAHs污染.根据不同环数PAHs的相对丰度法和PAHs组分的浓度比值法判断,上海北部郊区表层土壤中的PAHs主要来源于石油和煤等化石燃料的高温燃烧及汽车尾气排放等燃烧源.      

长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价

2005年11月26—29日对长江河口部分表层沉积物中多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查和研究,分析了其中16种PAHs单体含量. 结果表明,长江河口表层沉积物中属于美国优先控制的16种PAHs共检出15种,仅萘未被检出,w(PAHs)为355.72～2 480.85 ng/g,平均值为1 040.29 ng/g. 表层沉积物中以4环和5～6环PAHs为主,二者之和占w(PAHs)的80%以上. 长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs污染主要来源于矿物燃料的高温燃烧,但部分区域也不排除石油源输入的可能性. 与沉积物风险评估值相比,严重的生态风险在长江河口表层沉积物中不存在,然而排污口附近沉积物存在一定的生态风险.      

福建闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃含量、来源及健康风险评价

为研究福建省闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的残留状况、潜在来源及健康风险,采集闽江沿岸16个土壤样品,利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其中16种PAHs含量,结果表明:研究区土壤中16种PAHs的总含量为70.70~1667.83μg/kg,平均值为480.28μg/kg,其沿闽江沿岸呈“W”型分布模式,具体表现为城市高于郊区的变化;PAHs以2~3环为主,其中萘(Nap)的含量最高.基于PAHs的特征比值和主成分回归结合分析,研究区土壤中PAHs主要是石化和燃烧混合污染源,其中化石燃料高温燃烧占41.45%,石油源及生物质燃烧占49.34%,煤燃烧占9.21%.PAHs总毒性当量浓度值(TEQ_BaP)为3.10~121.15μg/kg,平均值为36.71μg/kg,37.50%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值(33.00μg/kg),表明闽江沿岸土壤已经受到PAHs不同程度的污染.健康风险评价表明,研究区土壤中PAHs的致癌风险(ILCRs)在10^-8~10^-6间,说明其致癌风险较小.     

成都市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的源解析与毒性源解析

对成都市2010~2011年住宅区冬季PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了来源解析、毒性评估以及毒性源解析研究.结果表明,16种PAHs普遍检出,成都市冬季PM2.5中的ΣPAHs浓度范围为22.79~215.82ng/m3,平均浓度为71.38ng/m3.PAHs组分分析结果显示,低环(2~3环)PAHs含量较低,高环(4~6环)所占比例较大,其比例范围为75.95%~99.52%.利用EPA PMF5.0解析PAHs污染源类型,结果表明成都市冬季PM2.5中PAHs的主要来源是煤和木材燃烧源、柴油燃烧源和汽油燃烧源,其分担率分别是14.88%、31.34%和54.08%.等效因子(TEF)毒性评估表明,成都市冬季的TEQ均值为16.82ng/m3.此外,运用PMF-TEF耦合模型对PAHs进行了毒性源解析,结果表明煤和木材燃烧、柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的毒性分担率分别是12.39%、24.78%、62.83%.     

长江中游赤壁段农业用地多环芳烃来源解析

该文利用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测了长江中游沿岸赤壁市太平口村不同农业用地的多环芳烃的含量、组成,借助异构体比值法及生态风险评价法对这些农田土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了源解析及生态风险评价。结果显示,种植玉米、大豆、棉花、水稻和茶树的土壤中检测的16种优控PAHs含量在91.55～543.02 ng/g之间,其中种植玉米、大豆、棉花、水稻4种作物的土壤PAHs以中高环数为主且种植水稻土壤含量最高,可能由水稻种植过程中灌溉活动贡献。种植茶树土壤含量最低且以低环数PAHs为主,可能和茶树种植的地理位置和PAHs扩散作用相关。源解析表明,这些农业用地土壤中PAHs主要来源是燃烧源,比如木材秸秆燃烧、煤炭燃烧等。生态风险评价表明,长江中游沿岸赤壁市太平口村农田土壤存在一定的PAHs致癌风险,茚并[123-cd]芘和苯并[a]芘是主要的致癌化合物。通过和长江流域及其他地区土壤PAHs对比发现,在太平口村实施的秸秆焚烧等管控措施对减少PAHs在长江沿岸农田土壤的积累有一定的积极作用。     

西安市居民区土壤多环芳烃来源及健康风险评价

采集西安市10个居民区表层土壤样品,应用高效液相色谱仪测定了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并分析了PAHs的组成、污染水平、来源、健康风险。结果表明:西安市居民区土壤中PAHs主要由3～5环的PAHs构成,∑PAHs含量范围为0.71～288.24μg/g,平均值为50.06μg/g,其中7种致癌多环芳烃(Σ7CPAHs)的含量范围为0.23～146.82μg/g,平均值为25.11μg/g。源解析结果显示,居民区土壤中PAHs主要来自于各化石燃料燃烧的混合源,来源较为复杂。终生癌症风险增量(ILCRs)模型评价结果显示,个别居民小区土壤PAHs的人群暴露风险超过了USEPA给出的致癌风险值(10~(-6)～10~(-4)),大部分居民区土壤中PAHs对儿童和成人的健康都不存在威胁。3种暴露途径中,皮肤接触是土壤PAHs的最主要暴露方式,其次是经口摄食,吸入暴露途径甚微,可忽略不计。     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.