锌胁迫对油橄榄生理因子的影响

本实验以锌作为重金属胁迫因子,用一定测试手段探讨单一锌胁迫对油橄榄的活性叶片丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、POD、APX、CAT等生理因子的影响。结果表明:在低浓度锌胁迫下,丙二醛含量基本没有发生变化,高浓度锌胁迫下,丙二醛含量急剧增加;Pro含量与Zn浓度呈正相关;可溶性蛋白在Zn胁迫浓度达到260mg/kg后,可溶性蛋白含量达到最高且基本稳定,在Zn浓度为325mg/kg时含量下降但不明显;Zn胁迫下,随着Zn处理浓度增大,SOD活性降低,而POD活性增强,APX、CAT活性则先上升后下降。     

铁胁迫对油橄榄叶片保护系统和膜脂过氧化的影响

通过设置重金属铁的不同浓度梯度,胁迫油橄榄幼苗的盆栽实验,初步分析了重金属Fe对油橄榄幼苗中的抗氧化酶系统和膜脂过氧化中各个生理生化指标的变化。实验表明:随着Fe2+浓度的增加CAT、SOD、POD、APX活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,MAD含量呈增加趋势,增加幅度为先平缓再急剧再平缓。随Fe2+浓度的增加抑制保护系统酶活性,MDA活性上升,表现为增幅急剧。当处理浓度超过一定值,叶片细胞膜受损,可能在一定程度上抑制油橄榄幼苗叶片生长。     

南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素污染及生态风险评价

2013年秋季采集了南昌市6个不同功能区的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析了PM_(2.5)含量及其中18种金属元素的含量。结果表明:采样期间南昌市大气PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度均在《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)日平均浓度限值二级标准规定(75μg/m3)的范围内。PM_(2.5)中多数金属元素的含量水平低于中国内地城市,而与香港和国外城市相比则偏高。分别采用富集因子法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染风险进行了评价。富集因子法表明Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu等元素富集程度较高,Cd富集程度极高,人为源显著;潜在生态风险指数法表明Pb、Hg、Cd潜在生态风险程度为极强,南昌市总体潜在生态风险表现为极强,2种方法的评价结果较为一致。     

真藓对碳酸盐型锰矿区重金属污染的指示意义

锰矿开采产生重金属污染,对周围环境造成影响,有必要对矿区重金属进行监测。研究以典型碳酸盐型锰矿——南茶锰矿(按职能划分为4个功能区:矿井区、废石区、选矿区、蓄矿区)为对象,以区域内真藓Bryum argenteum为材料,结合相关分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、变异系数等方法考察了真藓和土壤中重金属的含量及其可能的来源。结果表明:各功能区均受到不同程度的人为干扰,人为干扰越强,区域污染越严重。在不同污染梯度的功能区内,真藓的重金属(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Ba、Co、Mo、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Tl、As、Sb)含量与土壤重金属含量显著正相关(P<0.05),说明真藓是监测碳酸盐型锰矿重金属污染的有效指标。真藓指示南茶锰矿除了可能受到采矿活动的强烈影响外(Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mo、Ba),还受到来自运输车辆的机械磨损、排放及采矿活动的复合污染(Tl、Cd、Pb、As、Sb),识别结果与区域重金属分布情况吻合,表明真藓具有识别重金属污染的能力。在今后碳酸盐型锰矿污染防治工作中,可将真藓作为重金属污染监测的生物材料。     

邯郸市冬季大气PM2.5中金属元素空间污染特征及生态风险评价

为研究邯郸市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中金属元素的污染特征,选取城区4个功能区(工业区、工业生活区、教学区和交通区)分别布设采样点位,采集2017年冬季PM_(2.5)样品。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析样品中11种金属元素(V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、As、Cd、Ba和Bi)的含量,对其空间污染特征进行比较,并运用主成分分析、聚类分析和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归模型对金属元素的来源及其贡献率进行模拟计算,对Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Cd的潜在生态风险进行评估。研究结果表明,邯郸市冬季PM_(2.5)污染较为严重,4个功能区的PM_(2.5)日均值远超《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值。对金属元素含量的分析表明,教学区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素质量浓度的总和相对较低,尤其是Fe、Cr、Cd、Mn和Cu的含量均低于其他3个功能区,但是As的含量较高。富集因子计算结果显示,V、Co和Ba在邯郸市的富集系数小、污染程度低,其余金属元素尤其是As、Fe、Cd和Bi的富集系数大、污染程度高。对研究区大气PM_(2.5)金属元素的来源进行解析发现,金属元素的主要来源包括工业生产、自然源、化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。其中,Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Cd和Ba主要来自工业活动,V、Co和Bi的主要来源是自然源,Ni和As主要来自化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。潜在生态风险评估发现,邯郸市4个功能区金属元素的总生态风险指数均较高,尤其是As和Cd在各个功能区的潜在生态风险程度为极强,但Cr和Ni的潜在生态风险程度较低。     

桂林市冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染物健康风险评估

通过监测桂林市2014年冬季大气PM_(2.5)中11种元素的质量浓度,运用富集因子解析其来源,并开展重金属潜在生态风险、人体暴露和健康风险评价。结果表明:Cd富集因子10,表明Cd的来源主要是人为源;其他元素富集因子均10,主要来源为自然源。生态危害程度Cd和Hg为极强,Pb为强,As为较强,其他元素均为轻微。总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)为19 385.3,远高于600,生态风险为极强。各元素经呼吸摄入的非致癌风险由高到低为AsCdCrPbHg,致癌风险由高到低为CrAsCdPb;儿童和成人的总致癌风险分别为1.68×10~(-7) a~(-1)和3.84×10~(-7) a~(-1),风险甚微。     

氨基化有机-无机杂化整体柱分离富集环境水中五价砷

将四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(AEAPTES)作为共聚前体,采用在毛细管内原位聚合的方式制备得到氨基功能化的有机-无机杂化整体柱,将其作为针式固相微萃取(SPME)介质,建立了现场分离富集环境水中As(V)的SPME方法,优化了有机-无机杂化整体柱富集As(V)的实验条件,并研究了整体柱对As(V)的吸附/洗脱性能和富集能力,实现了环境水样中As(V)的高效、快速、高选择性检测。     

太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析

为了解太原市采暖期大气颗粒物不同粒径中重金属的污染特征及其来源,于2012年10月—2013年2月对环境空气中颗粒物采样,用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn、Zn等8种元素的含量。结果表明,太原市采暖期重金属浓度从高到低依次为FePbMnZnCrCuNiCd。重金属Pb、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cd主要富集在PM2.5中;Cr主要富集在PM10中;Cu主要富集在PM5中;Fe主要在粒径大于2.5μm的粗粒子中富集。除Zn外,其他7种元素浓度均表现为灰霾期采暖期采暖前。通过主因子分析表明,太原市大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源于冶金、有机合成工业、燃煤、汽车尾气、土壤尘等。     

2015—2018年春节期间合肥烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

根据2015—2018年颗粒物浓度数据、颗粒物组分、激光雷达等资料,分析烟花爆竹燃放对合肥市空气质量的影响。研究发现,随着烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度的加强,2018年合肥市烟花爆竹对空气质量影响较2015—2017年显著下降,2018年春节期间PM₁₀与PM_2.5峰值浓度比2017年分别下降44.4%和52.9%,污染峰值容易出现在除夕和初一前后。春节期间合肥市大气污染总体上呈现自东北到西南逐渐减轻的趋势,周边县(市)空气质量的污染程度比城区更加严重。烟花爆竹的燃放导致空气中金属元素浓度和SO₄2-浓度明显增加,富集因子法发现呈现严重富集重金属元素Sr、Zn、Ba、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb和其他元素(如K、As)。2018年烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度加强后,K、As、Sn、Sb元素富集程度呈现下降趋势,较高消光系数对应的高度范围较2017年大幅减小,并且污染带厚度显著降低,城区依然可能存在外来污染传输的颗粒物下沉现象,周边大片农村和城乡结合部的烟花爆竹集中燃放同样会导致被其包围的城区空气质量迅速恶化。     

乌鲁木齐采暖期TSP、PM10、PM5、PM2.5中重金属污染水平评价

采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法、双道原子荧光光谱法研究乌鲁木齐市采暖期前期与后期不同粒径大气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5))中Hg、As、Zn、Pb、Ni等5种重金属元素的质量浓度,并对重金属污染水平进行评价。Hg质量浓度为0.3~5.7 ng/m3;As质量浓度为15.3~122.5 ng/m~3;Zn质量浓度为298.0~1 686.5 ng/m~3;Pb质量浓度为0.5~88.8 ng/m~3;Ni质量浓度为10.4~25.5 ng/m~3。Igeo计算得出采暖期后期的TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5)中各重金属Igeo值均高于采暖期前期,其中Hg元素为严重污染;富集因子分析得出Hg、Zn元素的EFi值大于10,说明这些元素是人为源贡献。通过研究乌鲁木齐市不同时期、不同粒径大气颗粒物中各种重金属污染状况,为乌鲁木齐大气污染治理提供科学支持。     

Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity downwind of a phosphate fertilizer factory in India

The effects of air pollution on plants downwind of a fertilizer factory at Udaipur, India, were studied using three woody perennials. Seedlings of these species including a shrub (Carissa carandas L.), a leguminous avenue tree (Cassia fistula L.) and a fruit tree (Psidium guajava L.) were grown in earthen pots at different study sites receiving varying levels of air pollution input. Changes in plant growth, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigment, ascorbic acid, N and S contents and in dry matter allocation were considered in relation to the status of ambient air quality. Observations with these parameters have indicated that the ambient air around the factory contained pollutants at phytotoxic levels. Plant height, basal diameter, conopy area, leaf area and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and foliar-N concentrations decreased with increasing pollution load. However, foliar-S increased slightly at polluted sites. Air pollution load around the factory have also altered the biomass allocation. Root:shoot ratios increased in C. fistula and P. guajava at polluted sites. In contrast, for C. carandas the above ground parts, where foliage assumed predominance showed precedence over the root growth. This species responded characteristically to air pollution stress by allocating more of its photosynthate towards leaf production and shoot growth.     

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of arsenic in cyanobacteria cultures separated from a eutrophic reservoir

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of arsenate (arsenic (As)(V)) was studied using three cultures of cyanobacterial species—Oscillatoria tenuisa, Anabaena affinis, and Microcystis aeruginosa—that were isolated from a eutrophic reservoir. The As(V) uptake depended on the cyanobacterial species, the growth phase of the cyanobacteria, the duration of exposure, and the initial concentration of As(V). The specific growth rates of the three cultures immediately following the logarithmic phase were 0.033–0.041 L/day when the initial concentration of As(V) was 50 mg/L. These rates were 2.3–3.6 times less than those in the original culture medium without As(V). The rate of intake of As(V) in the logarithmic phase cultures greatly exceeded that in the stationary cultures. The accumulation of As(V) by the three cultures increased rapidly within 1 week from the initial value of 3.23?×?10^?2–5.40?×?10^?2 to 5.06?×?10^?1–6.73?×?10^?1 ng/cell in the logarithmic phase. The effective concentrations (EC₅₀) of As(V) for inhibiting the growth of the three cyanobacterial species growth of at 72 h followed the order Oscillatoria tenuisa (3.8 mg/L)?>?A. affinis (2.6 mg/L)?>?M. aeruginosa (1.2 mg/L). The cyanobacterial species that was most sensitive to As(V) was M. aeruginosa. Preliminary results from SEM-map studies suggest most of the As(V) in Microcystis aeruginosa accumulated in the cytoplasm (intercellular), while in O. tenuisa and A. affinis, a large proportion of As(V) bound to the cell wall (extracellular). These differences were understood with reference to the variation among the metabolic properties and morphological characteristics of the cyanobacterial species.     

Adaptational strategy of a tropical shrub Carissa Carandas L. to urban air pollution

This paper reports the adaptational response of a tropical shrub Carissa Carandas L. to urban air pollution stress in Varanasi, India. Saplings of C. carandas were grown at a density of one per pot and kept for two years at 25 selected sites in the urban environment. Different sites received different levels of air pollution input. Changes in vegetative growth pattern (leafing and branching), in morphological features and in the distribution of biomass to above and below ground structures were considered in relation to the ambient air quality.Different levels of air pollution input produced different sets of harmful effects. Although the air pollution level at Varanasi reduced the plant height, basal diameter, canopy area, leaf area and total plant biomass of C. carandas, this species retained a major fraction of its photosynthate to above-ground plant parts where foliage assumes predominance. Since carbon gain is dependent not only on the rate of carbon acquisition per unit leaf tissue but also on the amount of photosynthetic tissue present, a shift in relative contribution of photosynthate to leaf production and shoot growth appears to be a pollution-induced adaptive response in C. carandas.     

Effect of an industrial discharge on water quality and periphyton structure in a pampeam stream

Seasonal sampling was carried out at four sites on a pampeanstream that receives industrial effluent from two textile factories. To evaluate water quality, several physical and chemical parameters were examined and the periphyton growing oncattail (Typha latifolia L.) were analyzed.Water quality and periphyton structure differed significantlybetween sites upstream and downstream of the discharge. Differences in temperature and also in concentrations of phosphate, dissolved oxygen, and phaeopigment were detected. At the same time, changes in the dominant algae groups wereobserved. Downstream of the industrial discharge, the numberof Bacillariophyta decreased, while species of Cianophyta andEuglenophyta were more abundant. This abundance correlated withincreased phosphate and organic matter content and decreased oxygen concentration. Although this study did not detect a reduction in the number of species, similarity between stands decreased downstream of the industrial discharge. Changes incommunity structure were readily detected in this situation because the communities of the polluted and unpolluted zones were qualitatively different. Periphyton growing naturally on Typha latifolia is a useful indicator of the impact of waste waters on the biota and can also be used to evaluate water body recovery.     

Ozone and/or Water Stresses Could have Influenced the Betula ermanii Cham. Forest Decline Observed at Oku-Nikko, Japan

A serious forest decline of Betula ermanii Cham. has been observed at Mt. Mae-Shirane, Oku-Nikko, Japan, where high ozone (O₃) concentration and severe water deficiency have been measured. In order to consider the possibility whether O₃ and/or water stresses could have been the causes of the forest decline of B. ermanii, plant growth experiments were conducted in environment-controlled growth cabinets. Two-year-old seedlings of B. ermanii were exposed to either charcoal-filtered air (O₃ concentration <5 ppb) or 50 ppb O₃ (daily average, ranging between 20–100 ppb) for 123 days at 20.0/12.5 ± 1.0°C (day/night) and 70/80 ± 7% relative humidity (day/night). Simultaneously, seedlings were treated with three watering regime: 1.0 < pF < 1.8 (no water stress), 1.8 < pF < 2.5 (mild water stress) or 2.5 < pF < 3.0 (severe water stress). O₃ exposure significantly reduced the dry weights of leaf, root and the whole plant, while water stress significantly reduced the dry weights of each organ and the whole plant. Significant reductions of net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were also observed under O₃ and/or water deficiency treatments, while contents of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), chlorophyll _a+b and some essential nutrient elements (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) were not markedly changed. It was suggested that the decrease in net photosynthetic rate induced mainly by stomatal closure was the major cause of the growth reduction under O₃ and/or water stresses. No significant interactions between O₃ and water stresses were observed in terms of the depression of dry matter production, which suggested that simultaneous stress treatments of O₃ exposure and water deficiency could affect the tree growth of B. ermanii additively.     

Growth and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L. grown on amended fly ash

Growth and metal accumulation were investigated in two Cicer arietinum L. varieties (var. CSG-8962 and var. C-235) when grown in various combinations of fly ash (FA) amended with garden soil (GS), press mud (PM) or saw dust (SD). In addition, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, cysteine, non-protein thiols (NP-SH), and ascorbic acid were studied. FA amended with GS or PM led to a 5–10 times increase in biomass compared to FA control and was most pronounced in the less metal tolerant variety CSG-8962. Amendment of FA with either GS or PM only moderately increased the contents of some essential metals whereas the non-essential Cd and Cr remained similar or decreased slightly compared to FA control. FA combined with either GS or PM increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and was largely absent when SD was added to FA. Improved nitrogen availability led to increased nitrate reductase (NR) activity with all amendments but less so with SD. Metal stress indicating parameters were generally reduced (cysteine and non-protein thiols) or unchanged (ascorbic acid). In conclusion, of the tested ameliorants both GS and PM greatly improved growth of C. arietinum making FA a suitable component of plant growth substrates.     

Contribution to biomonitoring of some trace metals by deciduous tree leaves in urban areas

Leaves of the deciduous tree species, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) were used as accumulative biomonitors of trace metal pollution in the urban area of Belgrade. Using differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry, trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the single leaf level (ten leaves per species, per month), during two successive years with markedly different atmospheric level of trace metals. Increased trace metal concentrations in the leaves of A. hippocastanum reflected elevated atmospheric trace metal pollution, whereas C. colurna L. did not respond accordingly. The contents of Pb and Zn in soil over the same period also followed this trend. Anatomical analyses, in young as well as in old leaves of both species, indicated typical foliar injuries of plants exposed to stressful air conditions. Water relations that correspond to leaf age may have contributed to the considerable trace metal accumulation in leaves.     

Can adaptive modulation of traits to urban environments facilitate Ricinus communis L. invasiveness?

This paper addresses the phenotypic variation among Ricinus communis L. populations in four urban habitat types (road verges, garbage dumps, construction debris, and natural area) in Delhi, India, by evaluating important traits such as plant height, basal circumference, seeds per plant, seed size, seed weight, specific leaf area, and reproductive index. An important biochemical marker, proline, considered as a good plant performance indicator under stress was also quantified in leaves of R. communis to evaluate its response in different habitats. Interestingly, the species showed significant variation in plant height, specific leaf area, seed size, seed weight, and leaf proline content in different habitat types. Leaf proline content was positively related to plant height, specific leaf area, and seed size while negatively related to the total number of seeds/plant. Interestingly, reproductive index, calculated as a ratio of the total number of seeds to the plant height also showed a negative relation with leaf proline content. Results indicated that R. communis exhibits adaptive modulation of growth, reproductive traits, and leaf proline content in various urban habitats which contributes to invasiveness, range expansion, and establishment of the species. The study also gives evidence of how morphological and physiological traits could directly affect invasiveness of R. communis.     

Evaluation Of Ambient Air Pollution Impact On Carrot Plants At A Sub Urban Site Using Open Top Chambers

The present experiment was done to evaluate the impact of ambient air pollution on carrot (Dacus carotavar. Pusa Kesar) plants using open top chambers (OTCs) ventilated with ambient (NFCs) or charcoal filtered air (FCs) at a suburban site of Varanasi, India. Various morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plants were studied at different growth stages. Air monitoring data clearly showed high concentrations of SO₂, NO₂and O₃in the ambient air of study site. SO₂and NO₂concentrations were higher during early growth stages of carrot, whereas O₃concentration was highest during later growth stages. Filtration of air has caused significant reductions in all the three pollutant concentrations in FCs as compared to NFCs.Plants growing in FCs showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and variable fluorescence as compared to plants growing in NFCs. Protein content also showed a similar pattern, however, lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid content and peroxidase activity were higher in plants growing in NFCs as compared to FCs. Shoot length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and root and shoot weight increased significantly upon filtration of ambient air. Total nitrogen decreased significantly in root, but increased significantly in shoot of plants grown in NFCs. Total P, Mg, Ca and K contents decreased significantly in plants grown in NFCs as compared to FCs. The individual pollutant concentrations were below threshold for plant injury, but the combined effect of all the three seems to act synergistically in causing greater adverse impact on dry weight and physiology of carrot plants. The study clearly indicates that air pollutants are high enough in the ambient air to cause significant unfavorable impact on carrot plants. The work further supports the usefulness of OTCs for assessing air pollution damage under field conditions in developing countries.