磺胺嘧啶在作物根际土壤中的吸附/解吸特性研究

采用根际袋盆栽实验,研究了在小麦和玉米根际效应作用下,土壤对磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SD)吸附/解吸热力学与动力学特性.结果表明,小麦和玉米根际与非根际对SD的吸附/解吸均较快,描述2种作物根际与非根际对SD吸附过程最优动力学方程皆为Elovich方程,其次是双常数方程和抛物线方程.在实验所采用的SD浓度范围内,不同处理小麦和玉米根际与非根际对SD的吸附量均随着SD浓度的增加而增加,但根际对SD的吸附能明显高于非根际.用Freundlich方程描述小麦和玉米根际与非根际对SD等温吸附行为最为适宜.SD在小麦和玉米根际与非根际的解吸过程都是非线性的,且在根际的解吸能力明显低于非根际.此外,将小麦和玉米根际与非根际的平均吸附常数(Kf-ads)及平均解吸常数(Kf-des)与土壤有机质、pH、黏粒3种理化性质关系进行逐步回归分析发现,有机质是影响根际SD吸附/解吸行为的关键因素.     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

油田区土壤微生物种群构成及系统分类初步研究

通过直接从土壤中提取总DNA,并对其16S rDNA 片段作PCR-DGGE分析,对油田区土壤微生物种群及其分布进行初步研究.结果表明,本研究改进的方法DNA提取率提高到现有方法的1.4～2.2倍,纯度提高到1.8～2.0;不同区域环境下石油污染土壤的微生物种群构成存在差异,CQ油田和DQ油田种群构成相似性较高,SL油田和YM油田则差异显著,其影响因素包括含油率、含水量等土壤基本特性;各油田土壤微生物与参考序列的相似性达89%～100%;油田区土壤香农-威纳指数分布在0.5～1.2之间,且随着微生物数量和活性的升高略有增加.通过上述研究可为评价区域环境下石油污染土壤的微生物群落结构,调控和优化污染土壤的微生态环境以及识别优势群落提供客观、可靠的技术依据.     

Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils

Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the e ect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO3/kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO3/kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant e ect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater e ect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.     

三江平原湿地开垦对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

过度开垦会导致湿地生态系统的快速退化,湿地土壤微生物能够敏感地反映湿地土壤质量及湿地生态系统功能的演变.为研究土地利用变化对湿地微生物群落结构的影响,以黑龙江抚远三江湿地保护区为研究对象,采集其中的原始泥炭湿地、开垦后改种豆科植物及水稻的3种湿地土壤.采用基于细菌16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术研究上述土壤细菌的群落结构,并探讨其与土壤环境因子间的关系.结果表明,不同土地利用方式湿地土壤中的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)及酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),但土地利用方式明显改变了湿地土壤细菌属的组成.改种豆科植物土壤中Blastocatella、Coxiella、Rickettsia丰度较高,水稻田土中Massilia、Nitrosomonas、Bradyrhizobium聚集较多,而泥炭湿地中含较高丰度的Rhizomicrobium、Arthrobacter、Bacillus.结合Chao值与Shannon指数,水稻田土微生物多样性高于改种豆科植物土壤及泥炭湿地土壤,而后两种土壤细菌群落多样性则未见明显差异.相关性分析表明,土壤p H及含水率是影响微生物群落组成的重要驱动因子,说明湿地土壤开垦后改变了土壤p H、含水率及土壤养分,从而对微生物群落结构产生影响.     

镉抗性菌株的筛选及对番茄吸收镉的影响

通过在培养基中加入一定浓度的镉(CdSO₄8H₂O, Cd 200mg/L),从土壤中分离到3株具有很强的镉抗性细菌,经初步鉴定,它们分别属于假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属(编号分别为NJ3、NJ9、RJ16).将分离到的3株菌分别接种到添加镉(200mg/kg)的土壤并进行番茄盆栽试验,结果表明,供试抗性菌株均能显著促进植株生长,活化植株根际镉,接RJ16菌株处理的番茄地上部植株干重、根际有效镉含量及植株吸收的镉含量分别比不接菌对照增加64.2%,46.3%,107.8%,而接NJ3和NJ9菌株处理的番茄植株吸收的镉与对照植株吸收的镉没有显著差异.     

邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯在番茄根际土壤中的持留动态

利用分室根箱法模拟根际微域环境的试验结果表明,无论初始浓度高低,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)在土壤中的持留都可较好地用一级反应动力学方程进行描述,初始浓度越高,持留半寿期越短．土壤中DEHP浓度的增加可引起土壤脱氢酶活性的增加．但在DEHP初始浓度低、中、高3种情况下都表现出在根际土壤(0～5mm)中DEHP的残留浓度比非根际土壤(25～30mm)中的残留浓度稍高,持留的半寿期(t1/2)稍长的趋势,说明植物的生长并没有加速DEHP的降解．不添加DEHP的根室土壤中DEHP浓度始终都维持在一个较低的水平上,处理之间没有显著差异,且植物组织中DEHP的含量很低,处理之间也没有显著差异,说明DEHP在土壤中随水溶液的扩散和由于植物根系生长活动引起的迁移是微不足道的．     

石油污染对土壤微生物群落影响及石油降解菌的筛选鉴定

为研究石油污染对土壤中细菌群落结构及土壤理化性质的影响,分离筛选石油降解菌,从陕北宝塔、吴起、靖边和延长4个县区采集石油污染土壤和未受石油污染土壤,测量土壤中石油、有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量以及pH;采用高通量测序技术对2种土壤中细菌群落结构进行比较分析;并以石油为唯一碳源,从石油污染土壤中筛选高效石油降解菌,并对所筛选的高效石油降解菌进行16S rDNA鉴定。陕北4个县区石油污染土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低了0.57,6.63,4.34,8.91 mg/kg,有机质含量增加了2~21倍。石油污染土壤中细菌群落的丰富度和多样性均降低,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为主要菌门,分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)为丰度最高菌属。以石油为唯一碳源,分离得到8株石油降解菌,其中菌株OS33和菌株OS62-1在5 d内的石油降解率分别为80.51%和81.60%,经鉴定OS33为迪茨氏菌(Dietzia sp.),OS62-1为红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)。石油污染发生后,土壤中细菌群落的丰富度和多样性降低,筛选的8株石油降解菌中OS62-1石油降解率最高,研究结果进一步丰富了陕北地区石油降解菌菌种资源库。     

天津表层土中饱和烃污染物的组成及分布特征

分析了天津地区主要环境功能区表层土样品中烃类污染物的组成特征.结果表明,不同环境功能区表层土中均分布有多种类型的饱和烃污染物,主要包括正构烷烃,无环类异戊间二烯烷烃,单甲基支链烷烃,烷基环己烷和甾,萜类等.这些化合物在区域上分布广泛,组分变化多样.样品间正构烷烃碳数分布特征差别较大,CPI1为0.76～1.26,CPI2为1.29～7.14,CPI(wax)为0.81～3.24.aaaC_29-甾烷20S/(20R+20S)为0.45～0.72,C₃₁藿烷22S/(22S+22R)为0.54～0.62,均已达到平衡终点.类异戊间二烯烷烃和烷基环己烷的分布特征与原油相近.表明污染源较复杂,主要包括矿物油,化石燃料的不完全燃烧及天然产物的生物化学降解等,不同功能区污染源存在一定的差别.     

Differential degradation of crude oil （Bonny Light） by four Pseudomonas strains

Four hydrocarbon degraders isolated from enriched oil- and asphalt-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria, were tested for their petroleum degradation potentials. All the isolates were identified as species of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas putida P11 demonstrated a strong ability to degrade kerosene, gasoline, diesel, engine oil and crude oil while P. aeruginosa BB3 exhibited fair degradative ability on crude oil, gasoline, engine oil, anthracene and pyrene but weak on kerosene, diesel and dibenzothiophene. Pseudomonas putida WL2 and P. aeruginosa MVL1 grew on crude oil and all its cuts tested with the latter possessing similar polycyclic aromatic potentials as P11. All the strains grew logarithmically with 1–2 orders of magnitude and with generation time ranging significantly between 3.07 and 8.55 d at 0.05 level of confidence. Strains WL2 and MVL1 utilized the oil substrate best with more than 70% in 6 d experimental period, whereas the same feat was achieved by P11 in 12 d period. BB3 on the other hand degraded only 46% within 6 d. Interestingly, data obtained from gas chromatographic analysis of oil recovered from the culture fluids of MVL1 confirmed near-disappearance of major peaks (including aliphatics and aromatics) in the hydrocarbon mixture.     

黄土高原六道沟流域8种植物根际细菌与AMF群落多样性研究

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,研究了神木县六道沟流域8种植物根际细菌与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落多样性及其相互关系.目的是获得有关植物根际细菌和AMF群落的多样性指数,为生态环境修复提供科学依据.结果表明,8种植物根际细菌和AMF的种类和数量有较大差异,其中刺槐根际细菌的Shannon指数最高(4.01),垂柳最低(2.18),根际AMF的Shannon指数最高为小叶杨(2.07),最低为沙棘(1.21);聚类分析(cluster analysis)和冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明,不同植物根际细菌和AMF的群落结构有较大差异,但同时部分植物间也存在相似性;8种植物根际细菌和AMF的多样性指数总体呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01);冗余分析结果表明在根际土壤环境因子中,对根际微生物群落多样性影响最大的环境因子为有机质含量.植物种类和根际环境对根际微生物群落结构有较大影响,同时,刺槐的根际细菌和AMF群落多样性指数均较高,故可作为六道沟流域植被恢复的先锋树种.     

长庆油田原油集输系统H2S次生机理分析

H2S是一种剧毒气体,就石油行业而言,H2S气体分布广泛,对员工和居民的生命安全、人体健康危害极大.本文通过对长庆油田6条典型原油集输系统进行取样,经H2S含量测试、离子环境分析、微生物群落演替规律研究,探讨了油田原油集输系统H2S的分布规律、微生物群落分布特征及次生机理,经DNA等生命科学手段分析出15种微生物种群,...     

原油在土壤中的吸附和解吸研究

用振荡平衡法研究了原油在土壤中的吸附和解吸行为，测得了吸附常数，给出了吸附等温线。结果表明，Linear吸附关系可较好地描述原油在土壤中的吸附状况；土壤有机质含量影响原油的吸附量；其解吸行为则明显受到溶液pH的影响，表面活性剂的加入有助于原油解吸。     

XP1菌株强化湿地植物脱氮及其对根际微生物的影响

利用从南四湖人工湿地中分离的一株具有良好脱氮作用的反硝化细菌XP1,分别接种于湿地植物芦竹、芦苇和香蒲的根际土壤,考察菌株XP1对3种植物的强化脱氮作用,并利用PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)考察强化脱氮过程中菌株XP1在3种植物根际土壤微生物中的变化. 结果表明:模拟湿地在未强化脱氮时,3种植物湿地在相同条件下脱氮能力大小顺序为芦竹＞芦苇＞香蒲;3种植物的根际土壤所含微生物种类基本相同,所含微生物总量顺序为芦竹＞芦苇＞香蒲,其中土著XP1菌株在芦竹、芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物中的含量比值约为1.5∶1.3∶1. 加入菌株XP1强化脱氮后,香蒲、芦苇、芦竹3种植物湿地总氮去除率分别由14%,56%和56%提高至98%以上,强化脱氮作用明显;含氮废水ρ(TN)降至《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水质要求〔ρ(TN)≤1 mg/L〕时,3种植物根际土壤中的微生物种群数及微生物总量都有所下降,其中菌株XP1在3种植物根际土壤中的含量分别下降了40%,53%和67%,但根际细菌菌群结构未发生较大变化.      

污染场地土壤重金属的生物可给性及毒性研究

近年来,生物可给性被用于评估场地土壤污染健康风险,然而不同场地类型重金属生物可给性差别巨大,生物可给态重金属的人体健康危害效应仍然鲜见报道.本研究以浙江温岭某电子拆解厂为研究区,分析比较了5个场地土壤（S1-S5）中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的生物可给性并探究生物可给态重金属对人小肠上皮细胞的毒性效应机制.结果表明,场地土壤Cd和Cu污染较为严重,含量分别为4.84,438.52mg/kg.4种重金属在胃阶段生物可给性范围分别为2.10%~48.28%、4.84%~33.73%、16.04%~42.81%、1.81%~15.71%,小肠阶段为2.05%~36.91%、13.17%~22.23%、10.19%~23.10%、0.60%~2.69%,可见胃阶段的生物可给性低于小肠阶段.对于肠相生物可给态重金属暴露人体肠道上皮细胞后,除样点S4外,细胞活力均显著性下降.此外,样点S3和S5土壤提取液对超氧化物歧化酶活力影响较小,但显著抑制过氧化氢酶活力,并且该样点对DNA产生损伤.通过研究电子拆解厂土壤生物可给性以及其毒性效应,以为我国场地土壤重金属健康风险评估提供科学依据.     

Volatilization behaviors of diesel oil from the soils

The volatilization of diesel oil, Shengli crude oil and 90 # gasoline on glass surface of petri dishes were conducted at the ambient temperature of 25℃. Diesel oil evaporates in a power manner, where the loss of mass is approximately power with time. 90 # gasoline evaporates in a logarithmic with time. Where as the volatilization of Shengli crude oil fit either the logarithmic or power equation after different time, and has similar R^2 . And the effects of soil type and diesel oil and water content on volatilization behavior in unsaturated soil were studied in this paper. Diesel oil and water content in the soils play a large role in volatilization from soils. Appropriate water helps the wicking action but too much water stops it. The wicking action behaves differently in four different types of soils in the same volatilization experiment of 18% diesel oil content and air-dry condition.     

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 cm) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.     

经消油剂处理的石油水溶组分对刺参幼参的急性毒性研究

为研究溢油经消油剂处理后对刺参幼参的危害,进行了如下试验:(1)表皮分别涂抹原油、0号柴油和消油剂;(2)消油剂分别处理原油、0号柴油所形成的水溶组分(chemical enhanced water accommodated fraction,CEWAF)和消油剂对幼参的96 h急性毒性试验。结果显示:(1)仅0号柴油和消油剂使幼参出现较短时间的收缩,表皮均未溃烂;(2)由高浓度至低浓度组先后出现部分幼参收缩、排脏、附着力下降,甚至表皮长疱、溃烂或死亡等现象,原油CEWAF对3月龄和4月龄幼参的96 h半致死浓度LC50(95%置信限)分别为246.09(211.16～286.81)mg/L和399.15(374.71～425.19)mg/L,4月龄幼参在0号柴油CEWAF浓度为125.89和19.95 mg/L时出现72 h内100%死亡和96 h内100%存活的现象,消油剂浓度为6 000 mg/L时幼参死亡率<50%。     

一株丝状蓝藻的分离鉴定及其对原油耐受性能的研究

从石油污染的港口水域分离筛选到一株丝状蓝藻GH1,通过形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为颤藻.从生长情况和抗氧化酶活性方面研究了这株颤藻对原油的耐受性.在0～20d培养过程中,原油培养条件下GH1的叶绿素增长更快,第7天即达到生长稳定期;可溶性蛋白含量随时间的变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,原油样品的可溶性蛋白含量始终要显著高于空白样.在0～1%体积浓度范围内,第7天测定原油样品中颤藻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均明显高于空白样.对抗氧化酶系统而言,在原油培养条件下,培养初期超氧化物歧化酶SOD(Superoxide Dismutase)和过氧化氢酶CAT(Catalase)活性显著高于空白样,随着培养时间增加,SOD和CAT活性呈下降趋势,而过氧化物酶POD(Peroxidase)活性一直呈上升趋势.低浓度原油能刺激3种抗氧化酶活性都升高,高浓度原油对SOD和CAT活性有抑制作用,但POD活性仍能随原油浓度增加而升高.在原油中毒性物质的胁迫下,POD与SOD、CAT的响应表现为互补的变化趋势,3种酶共同防御作用是颤藻GH1耐受原油胁迫的主要机制.     

珠海淇澳与广州南沙湿地3种植物稳定碳氮同位素组成比较

研究了珠海淇澳和广州南沙3种湿地植物互花米草、芦苇和短叶茳芏的碳、氮含量及其稳定同位素的组成,结果表明外来入侵的C₄植物互花米草在植物体的C含量、C/N值、底泥的δ13C值（-23.83‰）和δ15N值（6.56‰）均显著与本地植物芦苇和短叶茳芏的不同,外来入侵种互花米草对土壤微生物的影响依赖于其密集的根系,使其入侵的潮间带土壤微生物种类、酶活性显著升高,体现出互花米草对湿地系统中C、N循环的深刻影响,为此有必要控制该外来入侵植物的蔓延生长。所测定的芦苇和短叶茳芏的δ13C值,表明采样地的芦苇属于C₃植物,而短叶茳芏则为C₄植物。本研究为进一步探讨这3种湿地植物-土壤系统中的C、N循环提供了基础资料。