环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设

鉴于城市规划在环境保护方面的局限性，本文以武汉市九峰城市森林保护区环境保护规划为例，提出了环境保护规划的技术路线、环境规划目标以及结论等，指出了城市大气、水体、声、固体废物和生态环境综合整治规划，并探讨环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设。     

试论城市环境综合整治与环境目标管理

城市环境综合整治与城市污染单项治理和综合防治不同,它是把城市看作一个包括经济、社会和环境要素的大系统,力求在城市的发展过程中使其经济、社会与环境协调发展。由于城市人群是该系统的核心,因此城市环境综台整治必然要以城市生态系统原理作为基本的指导理论。在制定城市环境综合整治规划中,必须根据城市生态系统结构、功能的分析,对城市大系统进行总体调控。     

农村环境综合整治一体化规划方法框架探讨

为了弥补以往农村环境综合整治规划存在的一体化和系统化缺陷,构建了自上而下分层链接的系统规划方法框架,该框架总体上以城市总体规划和环境规划为顶层控制框架,其下分为县(市)域层次、乡镇域层次和行政村域层次3个层次。在顶层控制框架下,逐层控制可以克服规划上下层脱节、有效性降低的弊病,从而提高规划的整体性、系统性和有效性,为进一步推进农村环境综合整治、提升农村环境质量发挥积极的作用。农村环境综合整治规划的重点在于乡镇域层次和行政村域层次,其主要内容应包括:乡镇和行政村的农村饮用水水源地保护、农村生活污水和垃圾处理、畜禽养殖污染治理、水产养殖污染防治、历史遗留的农村工矿污染治理、农业面源污染和土壤污染防治、景观生态规划,以及其他与村庄环境质量改善密切相关的环境综合整治措施等。规划中应以乡镇为基本规划单元,规划实施要分期分批。为此,提出了乡镇类型划分及分期分批整治原则,为农村环境综合整治规划提供指导。     

常州市固体废弃物综合整治规划研究

本研究根据国家及地方有关固体废弃物管理政策的规定，结合常州市的实际，确定了常州市固体废弃物综合整治规划目标。按照尽量选用最佳实用技术，最新科学技术、区域传统有效的技术，显著削减固体废弃物产生量的技术等原则，制定了该市２０００年、２０１０年固体废弃物综合整治规划备选方案。根据优化计算、可行性分析及其它综合比较、分析，确定了最优方案。从经济、技术、管理等方面对其进行了可行性分析。     

天津市城市环境综合整治定量考核规划

城市是一个人口集中、人类经济和社会活动频繁、环境污染严重的人工生态系统,是我国环境保护工作的重点。为此,国务院环境保护委员会发布了《关于城市环境综合整治定量考核的决定》,这是搞好城市环境保护工作,向环境污染宣战的重要措施。为了全面贯彻落实这个决定,天津市人民政府多次召开区、县长和有关部门负责人会议,动员和布署了此项工作,要求各区、县和有关局分别编制好本地区、本部门的定量考核规划,并把各项指标分解到街道、厂矿和车间,一级包一级,层层负责,不留死角。并作为区、县长和局长等各级一把手的任期目标及考绩考核的重要内容。在各区,县及有关局规划的基础上,结合天津市的实际情况,经反复研讨,编制了《天津市环境综合整治定量考核规划》,提出了1989年至1990年20项定量考核指标的进度要求。本刊现发表了规划的主要内容,可供有关部门参考。     

洹河综合整治及其生态效益分析

文章对安阳市区主要地表水资源洹河的环境及生态综合整治工程进行评价，分析了其产生的环境、生态、经济和社会综合效益。     

我国小城镇环境综合整治

对小城镇环境保护中存在的问题作了分析并提出了环境综合整治的有关措施。还探讨了建立小城镇环境综合整治支持系统、指标体系和示范工程等几个相关性问题。     

城市环境综合整治定量考核检查验收与奖惩办法制定的原则

城市环境综合整治定量考核制,是贯彻党和国家环境保护方针的一项战略措施,是执行环境深护法、向环境污染宣战的重要步骤.为了使城市环境综台整治定量考核工作真正做到科学的、统—的、规范化和定量化,使其收到预期的效果并具有可比性,制订一个统一的考核办法是十分必要的,本文就是从这个目的出发,结合天津市推行定量考核制度的实际情况,探讨了该“办法”制订的原则和基本内备.本文可供有关城市在开展定量考核工作时参考.     

系统化、自然化、经济化、人性化—城市人居环境规划方法的生态转型

讨论了城市环境问题的生态学实质，国际城市人居环境生态学研究动向，以及城市人居环境建设的生态转型方法，重点介绍了城市人居环境规划中的系统化，自然化，经济化，人性化趋势，并从观念与目标的转型，规划与设计的转型和技术与材料革新等方面探讨了城市生态建设的转型方法。     

广州城市生态环境变化

对广州城市生态环境因子的大气，水，固体废弃物和噪声污染状况近十年数据结合广州城市发展，分析其环境污染变化特征，结果表明，广州市大气环境污染已由煤烟型向石油型转变;环境中有机污染严重，主要表现为氨氮，BOD5，砷化物和汞化物污染，固体垃圾产出量逐年增加，声环境在逐步好转。     

城市居住小区的公路交通噪声预测与规划

城市发展、公路建设、各类机动车辆的增加导致城市噪声环境质量下降。为了改善城市人居环境,居住小区交通噪声预测与规划应当受到重视。本文提出了一种居住小区交通噪声预测与规划的新方法。该方法充分运用地理信息系统空间分析、空间建模与显示查询的能力,结合完善可靠的交通噪声预测模型,建立了具有实际应用价值的城市居住小区交通噪声预测与规划系统。该系统能为环境评价、环境规划与建筑设计提供相关的技术支持。     

低纬高原城市区域冬季的大气环境与不同波长辐射特征

本文以低纬高原城市昆明市为研究对象，利用城市内外不同波长辐射的实测资料，分析了颥人、外不同波长辐射的分布特征、变化规律及共差异以及与大气环境的相互关系，探讨了城市及大气环境对太阳辐射的影响为城市气候的深入研究以及城市建筑的规划、设计、环境污染防治提供依据，并可为其它地区的同类研究提供参考。     

青岛市区道路交通噪声及其控制对策研究

本文介绍了青岛市区道路交通及其噪声特点，分析了构成青岛市区道路交通噪声的主要影响因素，指出必须在合理规划道路、科学效能管理的基础尖的降噪技术措施，才能确定达到控制道路交通噪声的目的。     

生态规划在冕宁县城市总体规划中的作用研究

以冕宁县的生态规划为例,通过对冕宁县生态城市规划建设背景的研究,确定其生态城市建设的定位,通过分析冕宁县城市的现状,得出了冕宁县进行生态城市规划的总体思路.生态城市建设的重点是对城市的生态功能进行划分,生态功能划分的原则包括生态城市功能区划的原则、可持续发展原则、区域相关原则、部分与整体协调原则、相似性原则、环境容量和环境承载力原则以及区域特色原则等等.通过对冕宁县城市生态区域的划分,将生态规划彻底融入冕宁县的总体规划之中,进一步改善冕宁县生态环境、人居环境和发展环境,不断提高城乡人民生活质量,将冕宁建设成为生态县.     

Urban planning and sustainable development under transitional economy: a case study of Guangzhou

There are always conflicts between the need for conservation and economic growth in the developing countries. Planning plays a primary role in balancing these conflicts. This is particularly obvious in Chinese cities since China adopted its open door policy in 1978. Foreign investment has been a major driving force for rapid growth of the Chinese economy. Planners in China have been facing the dilemma of protecting the natural environment on the one hand while, on the other hand, supporting the overall national goal of attracting foreign investment to maintain continuous economic growth. The planning system in China, which has been largely based on a planned economy, soon found itself handicapped in safeguarding the environment from rapid industrialization and urbanization fostered by market forces. This paper takes Guangzhou as an example to study challenges to the planning system in Chinese cities in the past two decades of rapid economic growth and urbanization. By means of a case study on an industrial development within a protected orchard area in Guangzhou, this study illustrates the conflict between the need for rural conservation and the pressure for economic development in the Chinese cities. In particular, it analyzes the pressures on the present urban planning system in China in terms of the following categories: the emergence of private investors in urban development; the goal of pursuing a high economic growth rate; the implications of a transitional economy for urban planning; and the weakness of the present urban planning system. It concludes that the role of urban planning in China should change from simply providing guidelines on board land-use strategy, to a combination of a strategic plan with specific development control laws at the operational level. Finally, some recommendations are suggested as to how to improve the planning system in China.     

Comprehensive urban planning and management at multiple scales based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing,China

SUMMARY

Rapid urbanisation and serious environmental problems have led people worldwide to realise the significance of urban planning and management towards a sustainable environment. Beijing was used as a case study to develop a framework and strategies for sustainable development using ecological principles. At the regional level, Beijing-Tianjin agglomeration and Hebei Province are considered together. At the Beijing administrative level, some important measures are put forward for revision of the Beijing Urban Master Plan. At the Beijing plain level, the future spatial structure of Beijing city and the relationship between settlements, green space and transportation are considered, and three basic development patterns are proposed. At the inner district level, the ecological corridor system is suggested, based on ecosystem services. At the selected area level, a comprehensive strategy and key measures for conservation and renewal of old Beijing city core are provided. Once strategies for Beijing urban development are implemented step-by-step, a vision for future development can be achieved. This paper provides considerations for improvement of urban planning and management in China and other countries.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

平顶山市区道路交通噪声污染现状与防治

对平顶山市区道路交通噪声污染现状进行了调查，分析了市区道路交通噪声产生的原因和污染特点，提出了市区道路交通噪声的有关防治措施。     

公园景观视觉质量的评价方法研究

介绍一种新的适用于公园景观视觉质量评价的方法,即“区内、区外景观复合叠加分析法”。该方法在实地观测和评价的基础上选用6个评价因子,分别为区内自然景观所占比例、区内自然景观的质素、区内景观建筑物与自然景观的协调性、区外人工建筑物的视觉占有率、区外人工建筑物离观测点的距离、区外人工建筑物的视觉主导性,对公园进行区内、区外景观的复合叠加分析,并将该方法应用于北京市典型的城市公园（紫竹院公园）和郊野公园（东小口公园）。其评价结果既可以从视觉角度对城市公园和郊野公园进行区分,又可以为公园内景观规划管理以及公园外围的空间控制提供依据。