空气中微生物污染现状分析及探讨

空气中的微生物与环境空气质量、空气污染和人体健康密切相关,在自然界的物质循环中起着非常重要的作用。文章对空气中微生物的污染现状、粒度分布、微生物评价等研究成果进行了综述,并对空气中微生物在环境监测中的研究和前景进行了展望。     

人群聚集行为对空气微生物组成及人体健康风险影响分析

受相关疫情的影响,人群聚集行为对空气中微生物的组成及人体健康风险的影响成为研究的热点。以西安两处典型公共场所为观察对象,基于传统培养分离方法和16S rDNA分子生物学技术,结合《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》中的相关参数,揭示了人群聚集行为对空气微生物组成的影响,评估了微生物暴露对人体造成的健康风险。结果表明,较之人群聚集前,人群聚集时两个地点的空气微生物污染级别皆由清洁变成中污染。分离培养数据显示:人群聚集时,空气中的细菌种类较人群聚集前增加了11种,真菌种类增加了5种,且微生物菌落颜色、形态、湿润度和生理生化特征等均出现了变动;病原性微生物的种类由2种增加到9种,其中有5种达到了BSL-2级高生物风险,且属于人畜共患病病原菌。健康风险评价结果显示,人群聚集时,人体健康暴露风险系数相比人群聚集前增加了1.28~4.96倍,且男性的暴露风险系数显著高于女性。因此,建议在人群高聚集时段适当限制人流量并保持空间空气流通,以预防潜在传染病的暴发,有效保障人群健康。     

污水处理厂微生物生态分布初

通过对望塘污水处理厂的细格栅、厌氧池、曝气池、二沉池周边土壤及空气微生物测定，分析微生物分布状况，得知污水处理厂不同功能区域土壤和空气微生物含量随污水处理工艺的进行呈降低趋势。土壤和微生物鉴定结果表明，厂区土壤中微生物与普通土壤无明显差异，而空气微生物中含多种致病菌，形成的微生物气溶胶威胁人类健康。     

吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度状况

对吐鲁番市空气微生物进行了初步测定。结果表明，室外平均空气细菌(B)、真菌(F)、总菌(T)的浓度及F／T分别为33106．3、0、33106．3CFU／m3及0，说明室外空气处于中度微生物污染状态．一些室外测点的空气已受到微生物的严重污染。室内平均空气细菌浓度为9982．2 CFU／m3，说明室内空气污染较重。室内外均未测到空气真菌。本文对吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度指标的时空分布状态作了分析。     

兰州某居民区大气微生物气溶胶分布特征研究

采用Andersen采样器对兰州某居民小区夏季的大气微生物气溶胶浓度分布、粒径分布及日变化特征等进行观测。结果表明,居民区内大气微生物气溶胶浓度变化范围为528 CFU/m~3～11 553 CFU/m~3,属清洁级。其粒径主要集中在2.1μm～4.7μm之间,易对人体支气管等造成影响。微生物气溶胶浓度的空间分布特征与小区垃圾房、垃圾桶位置及人的活动有关。其时间分布特征与日照强度有关,辐射强度最高的中午微生物气溶胶浓度最低。     

污水处理厂微生物生态分布初探

通过对望塘污水处理厂的细格栅、厌氧池、曝气池、二沉池周边土壤及空气微生物测定,分析微生物分布状况,得知污水处理厂不同功能区域土壤和空气微生物含量随污水处理工艺的进行呈降低趋势。土壤和微生物鉴定结果表明,厂区土壤中微生物与普通土壤无明显差异,而空气微生物中含多种致病菌,形成的微生物气溶胶威胁人类健康。     

庐山旅游区空气微生物污染调查

庐山风景旅游区空气微生物含量的初步调查结果表明，该区空气微生物含量平均值为１３９．８ＣＦＵ／皿（２１９７６．６ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３），已达我国都市城区中度污染程度，个别测点已达严重污染程度。通过分析庐山空气细菌、真菌及总的微生物含量的空间分布及昼夜变化特征，认为空气微生物含量与人类活动有密切关系。     

昆明市不同功能区夏季空气微生物污染监测

为了监测和评价昆明市空气微生物污染状况,通过平皿自然沉降法,于2010年夏季对其不同功能区空气真菌和细菌进行了初步监测。结果表明:昆明市夏季空气微生物以细菌为主;以空气真菌含量评价为清洁;8月空气真菌含量最高,7月空气细菌含量最低;空气微生物含量日变化不明显。     

兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

浙江沿海海洋微生物群落的研究

沿海微生物群落与陆源排污、养殖生产和人类健康密切相关,使用API细菌鉴定系统时浙江沿海四个区域的微生物进行了调查研究,发现被调查的沿海微生物主要种类为杀鲑气单胞菌、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌等,浙江沿海四个区域的优势种组成有各自的特点.使用SPSS10.0软件对各个区域的微生物群落进行聚类性分析,结果表明象山港区域与其它区域差异较大.     

Towards an integrated framework for air quality monitoring and exposure estimation—a review

For the health and safety of the public, it is essential to measure spatiotemporal distribution of air pollution in a region and thus monitor air quality in a fine-grain manner. While most of the sensing-based commercial applications available until today have been using fixed environmental sensors, the use of personal devices such as smartphones, smartwatches, and other wearable devices has not been explored in depth. These kinds of devices have an advantage of being with the user continuously, thus providing an ability to generate accurate and well-distributed spatiotemporal air pollution data. In this paper, we review the studies (especially in the last decade) done by various researchers using different kinds of environmental sensors highlighting related techniques and issues. We also present important studies of measuring impact and emission of air pollution on human beings and also discuss models using which air pollution inhalation can be associated to humans by quantifying personal exposure with the use of human activity detection. The overarching aim of this review is to provide novel and key ideas that have the potential to drive pervasive and individual centric and yet accurate pollution monitoring techniques which can scale up to the future needs.     

Air Issues amd Ecosystem Protection, a Canadian National Parks Perspective

Several case histories illustrate national park air issues and responses in Canada. These examples include: acidification studies and establishment of a multiparticipant monitoring programme at Kejimkujik; studies of smoke at campgrounds in Jasper, La Mauricie and Forillon, its effect on health, and the management of visitors and firewood supply to mitigate these risks; and estimates of emissions from through-traffic in Yoho. From these cases and from reviews of the secondary literature, we can identify air issues that affect the maintenance of ecological integrity in national parks. These issues are: forest fires and smoke management; defining goals for ecosystem restoration; representation of natural regional conditions; visitor health and amenity; acidification; pesticides; eutrophication from airborne nitrates; permafrost melting; and UV-B. In June 1995, an International Air Issues Workshop brought together representatives from Canadian and U.S. national parks and other selected agencies. They ranked the air issues affecting national parks, producing quite an eclectic list. From the most to least serious issue, they are: acidification, toxics, visibility impairment, UV-B, smoke management, oil and gas development, fugitive dust, global warming, overflights, light pollution, noise and odour. Note that atmospheric change is only one among a group of stresses affecting national parks. Of 28 stresses recognized as significant for national parks in 1992, acid precipitation ranked 8th and climate change 23rd. Petrochemicals, 17th, pesticides, 18th and heavy metals, 21st, may be partly airborne. The 1995 workshop made several recommendations applicable to Parks Canada, from which those related to research and monitoring needs have been extracted. The air monitoring needed most by national parks is of suspended particulate and visibility. This is in response to human health and amenity concerns and international treaty obligations. The long-term protection of natural sites in national parks provides opportunities for other agencies to monitor ambient air quality and ecosystem responses, for example through the installation of under-canopy monitoring towers. The air research most needed in national parks is the modelling of natural landscapes and vegetation complexes in response to climate change. This follows from the primary purpose of each national park, to maintain the ecological integrity of an area selected to represent a natural region. The principal air research opportunities for other agencies in national parks are probably intensive instrumentation and sampling over several years to examine the air-vegetation-soil transfers of nutrients, pollutants and radiation.     

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network Design for Assessing Human Health Impacts from Exposures to Airborne Contaminants

Existing methods of establishing ambientair quality monitoring networks typically evaluateonly parameters related to ambient concentrations ofthe contaminant(s) of interest such as emissionsource characteristics, atmospheric transport anddispersion, secondary reactions, depositioncharacteristics, and local topography. However,adverse health risks from exposures to airbornecontaminants are a function of the contaminant andthe anatomic and physiologic characteristics of theexposed population. Thus, ambient air qualitymonitoring networks designed for the protection ofpublic health or for epidemiological studiesevaluating adverse health impacts from exposures toambient air contaminants should account for bothcontaminant characteristics and human healthparameters. A methodology has been establishedwhich optimizes ambient air quality monitoringnetworks for assessments of adverse human healthimpacts from exposures to airborne contaminants byincorporating human health risk assessmenttechniques. The use of risk assessment techniquesas the basis for designing ambient air qualitymonitoring networks will help to target limitedfinancial and human resources to evaluate humanhealth risks from exposures to airbornecontaminants.     

复合膜过滤法采样检测空气中的微生物

以无机膜为支撑膜,以壳聚糖醋酸溶液为涂层溶液制成壳聚糖复合膜,用以采样和检测空气中的微生物.通过空气中细菌采样以及大肠杆菌噬茵体模拟采样实验来表征壳聚糖复合膜作为采样用膜的特性.通过和其他方法的对比实验表明,壳聚糖复合膜具有良好的截留微生物气溶胶的能力,复合过滤法是一种较准确的采样检测空气中微生物的方法.     

Particulate Matter Over A Seven Year Period in Urban and Rural Areas Within, Proximal and Far from Mining and Power Station Operations in Greece

Lignite mining operations and lignite-fired power stations result in major particulate pollution (fly ash and fugitive dust) problems in the areas surrounding these activities. The problem is more complicated, especially, for urban areas located not far from these activities, due to additional contribution from the urban pollution sources. Knowledge of the distribution of airborne particulate matter into size fraction has become an increasing area of focus when examining the effects of particulate pollution. On the other hand, airborne particle concentration measurements are useful in order to assess the air pollution levels based on national and international air quality standards. These measurements are also necessary for developing air pollutants control strategies or for evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, especially, for long periods. In this study an attempt is made in order to investigate the particle size distribution of fly ash and fugitive dust in a heavy industrialized (mining and power stations operations) area with complex terrain in the northwestern part of Greece. Parallel total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) concentrations are analyzed. These measurements gathered from thirteen monitoring stations located in the greater area of interest. Spatial, temporal variation and trend are analyzed over the last seven years. Furthermore, the geographical variation of PM10 – TSP correlation and PM10/TSP ratio are investigated and compared to those in the literature. The analysis has indicated that a complex system of sources and meteorological conditions modulate the particulate pollution of the examined area.     

利用卫星遥感数据估算PM2.5浓度的应用研究进展

近年来,PM_(2.5)已成为中国大气污染的首要污染物,危害人体健康。为弥补地基监测站点在空间分布上的局限性,借助卫星遥感技术估算PM_(2.5)浓度已成为研究热点。文章总结了利用卫星估算PM_(2.5)浓度的各种研究方法,探讨了不同方法的优势和不足,指出不同方法对不同应用目的的选择性差异较大。提出,应针对不同应用目的选择相应的方法,从而取得满足各方面需求的研究成果,为未来PM_(2.5)浓度估算应用工作提供参考。     

环境空气监测点位的管理办法

阐述了加强环境空气监测点位管理的重要性，指出了目前环境空气监测点位管理中存在的问题，提出设置监测点位时，既要考虑监测点的位置和数量，又要考虑监测点周围的人为活动、流动污染源、固定污染源和面源的影响。     

支撑京津冀区域大气污染联防联控的大气监测体系构建

京津冀区域已成为全国大气污染最严重的地区之一,并且呈现出明显的区域性污染特征,加强区域间的环境合作,实施区域联防联控是解决京津冀区域大气污染问题的有效手段。对照《生态环境监测网络建设方案》的要求,目前京津冀区域大气监测体系还存在着监测网络不健全、监测项目覆盖不全面、监测新技术应用不足、质控体系不完善、信息产品供给与公众需求有差距等问题,与京津冀区域大气污染联防联控的要求不相适应。为全面提升京津冀区域大气监测体系对区域联防联控的技术支撑能力,亟需进一步完善京津冀区域的监测网络,增设传输研究、污染监控等特殊监测点位;逐步拓展监测项目,开展颗粒物化学组分和O_3前体物监测;加快遥感监测等立体监测技术在大气监测中的应用,全面分析污染物时空分布特征与传输规律;加强空气质量预报预警能力建设,为重污染天气应对提供技术支持;规范监测事权上收后的全过程质控体系,建立颗粒物标准方法比对和O_3量值传递质控机制;构建环境监测大数据平台,加强数据分析应用与信息公开。     

惠州市城区NO2污染水平的分析与模拟

分析了2004年惠州市城区各监测站点的NO2数据,结果表明,NO2对城区空气质量影响不大。采用了城市空气质量管理软件模拟了NO2空间分布及日变化情况,且与实测值的比较分析表明,模拟结果在城区内有可比性。但地处城市边缘地带的污染模拟受光化学和区域性污染的影响,有待于进一步研究。所得结论可为惠州市城区优化布点的研究提供一定的参考。