广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。     

广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性(2005～2010)

为探讨城市化对鸟类群落的影响,2005～2010年对广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明:共记录鸟类149种,隶属于16目42科97属;其中冬候鸟或旅鸟77种,占51.7%,留鸟63种,占42.3%,夏候鸟9种,占6.0%;鸟类群落呈现出较强的季节性,从总体上看,物种数和总数量呈现秋冬季高峰,夏季最低.红树林湿地区具有最高的鸟类物种多样性与科属多样性,物种多样性和科属多样性变化趋势表现为红树林湿地区>河涌林带区>水域区.南沙红树林湿地的保护对丰富鸟类群落多样性具有重要作用.     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落及其多样性

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类100种,隶属15目31科,其中古北界鸟类43种,东洋界鸟类45种,广布种鸟类12种.区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布,鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性.该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种,中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种.对5个湿地样区的主要鸟类种类和数量进行了调查,结果反映汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场,鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高,分别为3.2306和3.2283,濠江口的多样性指数较低,为1.981.群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响.本文还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议.表3参9     

甘肃玉门地区繁殖期鸟类多样性及年度变化

2013年4月至2019年6月,采用样线法对玉门地区鸟类进行调查,共记录鸟类17目36科97种,其中水鸟46种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类10种。就居留型而言,夏候鸟(53种)和留鸟种数(23种)分别占鸟类总种数的54.64%和23.71%。各年度鸟类居留型组成略有差异,但差异不显著(F_(2,20)=1.385,P=0.296)。4种生境中,湿地生境鸟类物种多样性最高,村落生境最低;农田疏林和村落生境相似性指数最高,湿地和村落生境最低。湿地和荒漠生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数与其他生境之间均呈显著差异(P0.05);农田疏林生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度与村落生境之间无显著差异(P=0.065)。相关性分析发现,4—5月玉门地区平均降水量与鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数之间相关不显著(r=0.02,P0.05;r=-0.070,P0.05),而4—5月均温与鸟类多样性指数之间呈显著正相关(r=0.879,P0.05)。玉门地区繁殖期鸟类群落变化总体平稳,年间波动幅度小。     

广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

2006年8月至2007年7月,采用系统抽样技术和样带法,对广东省江门市新会区银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属。新会银湖湾湿地带鸟类平均密度356只/hm2,鸟类物种多样性指数3.690 2、均匀度指数0.875 6、优势度指数0.25。芦苇红树林潮间湿地、鱼塘莲藕湿地和农田果园是新会银湖湾湿地典型的生境,各生境的鸟类种类、密度和多样性差异较大。其中芦苇红树林潮间湿地55种,平均密度338只/hm2;鱼塘莲藕湿地有40种,平均密度279只/hm2;农田果园有38种,平均密度247只/hm2。3种生境中芦苇红树林潮间湿地鸟类的生物多样性最高,农田果园最低。     

洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危鸟类群落组成及多样性

2005年7至2007年4月,采用直接记数法和"GPS"技术定位监测对洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类资源及其环境进行调查。结果表明:洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类有218种,隶属于16目46科。其中古北界鸟类占优势,有118种,东洋界鸟类54,广布种鸟类46种。冬候鸟为主体,有118种,留鸟40种,夏侯鸟35种,旅鸟25种。按生态类群分,游禽45种、涉禽69种、陆禽3种、猛禽22种、攀禽11种、鸣禽68种;该湿地有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类7种、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类43种,国际湿地公约名录中的鸟类37种。洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数分别为4.489 7和0.576 5。     

梅江流域鸟类群落结构及其多样性

采用固定样带法和样点法对梅江流域的鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录到201种,隶属16目49科127属,其中留鸟81种、冬候鸟67种、夏候鸟40种、旅鸟13种,分别占40．1％、33．3％、19．9％、6．7％;古北界种类95种（占47．3％）,东洋界种类64种（占31．8％）,广布型种类42种（占20．9％）;国家I级保护种类1种,国家II级保护种类21种（占10％）;《国际湿地公约》指定种类24种（占12％）,《中澳候鸟保护协议》指定种类22种（占11％）,《中日候鸟保护协议》指定种类76种（占38％）,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）指定种类19种（占9％）,有益的、有重要经济价值的、有重要科学研究价值的物种155种（占77％）。该流域的鸟类群落多样性指数3．7617,均匀度指数0．7093。     

陕西陇县关山繁殖鸟类群落多样性研究

于2016—2018年4—6月采用样线法对关山地区繁殖鸟类群落多样性进行调查。结果表明,关山地区共分布有繁殖鸟类142种,隶属于14目42科;呈古北界与东洋界鸟类并存的区系特征。研究区鸟类群落多样性指数为3.985 6,均匀度指数为0.804 2,优势度指数为0.030 2。根据植被和海拔不同,将调查区域分为低海拔农耕带、中海拔落叶阔叶林带、中高海拔针阔叶混交林带和高海拔亚高山草甸带4个生境带。其中,中海拔落叶阔叶林带鸟类种类最多,群落多样性和均匀度指数也最高;中高海拔针阔叶混交林带鸟类密度最高;高海拔亚高山草甸带鸟类优势度指数最高。相邻生境带相似性指数普遍高于相间隔生境带。不同生境带鸟类物种丰富度有一定差异,但整个研究区和同一生境带鸟类物种丰富度年际间变化不明显。不同生境带优势种组成不同,且不同年份基本无变化。根据各种鸟类食性不同,可将其分为4个取食集团。物种丰富度与海拔梯度的关系表明中海拔地区鸟类丰富度最高。陇县关山是部分鸟类迁移交流和迁徙的重要通道,通过对研究区繁殖鸟类群落结构组成和多样性的分析,可为研究区鸟类多样性保护提供相关基础资料。     

湿地鸟类多样性及其环境影响因子的研究进展

湿地鸟类在能量转换和维护生态系统的稳定性方面起着举足轻重的作用，同时也是监测、评价湿地生态环境极其敏感的指标．本文从物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性三个方面分析了湿地鸟类多样性．总结了环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响，最后对湿地鸟类多样性的研究提出展望，为更好地保护湿地鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据．     

广东珠海市鹤洲湿地鸟类多样性的动态变化

2010年12月、2011年1月、2月、3月、5月和8月,利用样带法对珠海市鹤洲湿地鸟类物种多样性进行研究,利用Shannon-Wiener指数分析了生境类型的鸟类群落种数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数等特征。结果表明,共记录到96种,隶属12目31科66属。鸟类多样性指数(H')进行了计算,12月3.6956,1月3.7685;2月3.6551;3月3.4703;5月3.2437和8月3.1941。该湿地鸟类多样性动态表现出明显的季节性。     

闽江口湿地的鸟类研究

1998－2000年对福建省闽江口湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类86种,隶属11目23科,其中古北界鸟类59种（68.6%）,东洋界鸟类27种（31.4%）,区系组成呈现南、北鸟类混杂分布,以古北界鸟类为主的特征,留鸟12种,占鸟类总数13.9％;迁徒鸟74种,占86.1%。该湿地鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性,迁徒季节鸟类的各类和数量都最多,繁殖季节则最少,该湿地有国家二级保护鸟类9种,中日修鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类49种,并对鸟类资源的保护和管理提出了建议。     

Biodiversity Loss in Latin American Coffee Landscapes: Review of the Evidence on Ants,Birds, and Trees

Abstract: Studies have documented biodiversity losses due to intensification of coffee management (reduction in canopy richness and complexity). Nevertheless, questions remain regarding relative sensitivity of different taxa, habitat specialists, and functional groups, and whether implications for biodiversity conservation vary across regions. We quantitatively reviewed data from ant, bird, and tree biodiversity studies in coffee agroecosystems to address the following questions: Does species richness decline with intensification or with individual vegetation characteristics? Are there significant losses of species richness in coffee‐management systems compared with forests? Is species loss greater for forest species or for particular functional groups? and Are ants or birds more strongly affected by intensification? Across studies, ant and bird richness declined with management intensification and with changes in vegetation. Species richness of all ants and birds and of forest ant and bird species was lower in most coffee agroecosystems than in forests, but rustic coffee (grown under native forest canopies) had equal or greater ant and bird richness than nearby forests. Sun coffee (grown without canopy trees) sustained the highest species losses, and species loss of forest ant, bird, and tree species increased with management intensity. Losses of ant and bird species were similar, although losses of forest ants were more drastic in rustic coffee. Richness of migratory birds and of birds that forage across vegetation strata was less affected by intensification than richness of resident, canopy, and understory bird species. Rustic farms protected more species than other coffee systems, and loss of species depended greatly on habitat specialization and functional traits. We recommend that forest be protected, rustic coffee be promoted, and intensive coffee farms be restored by augmenting native tree density and richness and allowing growth of epiphytes. We also recommend that future research focus on potential trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and farmer livelihoods stemming from coffee production.     

Single Species as Indicators of Species Richness and Composition in California Coastal Sage Scrub Birds and Small Mammals

Abstract: Individual species may be useful as indicators of biodiversity if an association exists between the presence of a species and another component of biodiversity. We evaluated 40 species of birds and small mammals, including 11 species of conservation concern, as potential indicators of species richness and species composition in southern California coastal sage scrub habitats. This habitat, which is the target of large-scale conservation planning, has been greatly reduced by human development and supports many plants and animals of conservation concern. We asked whether there is an association between the presence of a potential indicator species and the species richness and composition of the bird or small-mammal community in which it is found. We used point counts and live-trapping to quantify the distribution of birds and small mammals, respectively, at 155 points in 16 sites located in three counties. Of the few species we found associated with species richness, some were associated with higher species richness and others with lower richness, and species of conservation concern were not more frequently associated with species richness than were common species. Ordination analysis revealed a geographic gradient in coastal sage scrub bird and small-mammal species composition across southern California, and 18 of the species we evaluated were associated with the composition of the bird and small-mammal community in which they were found. Our results suggest that efforts to conserve bird and small-mammal biodiversity in coastal sage scrub should not focus exclusively on rare species or on locations with the highest species richness, but instead should focus on a diverse suite of species that are representative of the range of variation in communities found in coastal sage scrub habitats.     

Patterns of animal diversity in different forms of tree cover in agricultural landscapes.

As tropical regions are converted to agriculture, conservation of biodiversity will depend not only on the maintenance of protected forest areas, but also on the scope for conservation within the agricultural matrix in which they are embedded. Tree cover typically retained in agricultural landscapes in the neotropics may provide resources and habitats for animals, but little is known about the extent to which it contributes to conservation of animal species. Here, we explore the animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover for birds, bats, butterflies, and dung beetles in a pastoral landscape in Nicaragua. We measured species richness and abundance of these four animal taxa in riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, live fences, and pastures with high and low tree cover. We recorded over 20,000 individuals of 189 species including 14 endangered bird species. Mean abundance and species richness of birds and bats, but not dung beetles or butterflies, were significantly different among forms of tree cover. Species richness of bats and birds was positively correlated with tree species richness. While the greatest numbers of bird species were associated with riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, and pastures with >15% tree cover, the greatest numbers of bat species were found in live fences and riparian forest. Species assemblages of all animal taxa were different among tree cover types, so that maintaining a diversity of forms of tree cover led to conservation of more animal species in the landscape as a whole. Overall, the findings indicate that retaining tree cover within agricultural landscapes can help conserve animal diversity, but that conservation efforts need to target forms of tree cover that conserve the taxa that are of interest locally. Preventing the degradation of remaining forest fragments is a priority, but encouraging farmers to maintain tree cover in pastures and along boundaries may also make an important contribution to animal conservation.     

The width of riparian habitats for understory birds in an Amazonian forest

Riparian habitats are important for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Many studies have compared bird distributions between riparian and non-riparian habitats but have not established how wide riparian habitats used by birds are, as measured by distance from the nearest stream. We investigated the distribution of understory birds along gradients of distance from streams, soil clay content, and slope in a central Amazonian forest, by mist-netting birds three times in 45 plots. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to reduce the dimensionality of species quantitative (abundance) and qualitative (presence-absence) composition to one multivariate axis. Estimates of the width of riparian habitats as indicated by understory birds depended on the community attribute considered, measuring 90 m for species quantitative composition and 140 m for species qualitative composition. Species distributions were correlated with clay content but were independent of slope, while distance from streams was positively correlated with clay content but independent of slope. Clay content affects plant species composition, which in turn, may influence bird species composition. However, distribution patterns of birds in relation to distance from streams are consistent among studies carried out in many different temperate and tropical regions, indicating an effect of distance from streams itself. Protection of riparian habitats is one of the most widely used conservation strategies, and Brazilian environmental legislation mandates the protection of a 30 m wide strip of riparian vegetation on either side of small streams. We show that the protected strip should be much wider and recommend strategies to place other forms of land protection contiguous with riparian areas so that Brazilian environmental legislation better fulfills its role of protecting biodiversity associated with riparian habitats.     

Bird Extinctions in Atlantic Forest Fragments of the Viçosa Region, Southeastern Brazil

Abstract:   We studied the conservation status of Atlantic forest birds in 43 forest fragments ranging in size from 1 to 384 ha in the Viçosa region of southeastern Brazil. We compared data from 15 years of field work with historical records from the region, mainly originating from specimens collected by João Moojen during the 1930s. We used published studies associated with museum data and current field work to assess the decline of forest birds during the last 70 years and to relate their disappearance to forest fragmentation and destruction. At least 28 bird species have become locally extinct, 43 are critically endangered, and 25 are vulnerable, representing 60.7% of the original forest bird community known to exist in the region. Vulnerability to fragmentation differed among guilds, forest strata, and endemicity status. Birds that feed on fruit and seeds, and those that feed on insects, were more threatened than omnivores and carnivores. Nectarivorous species were less threatened than other guilds. Moreover, terrestrial and understory birds or birds using only one forest stratum also were more likely to have been threatened. Finally, Atlantic forest endemics were more likely to have become extinct than nonendemic species. In general, sensitivity to environmental disturbance at the local level was similar to the predicted vulnerability to regional disturbance derived from the literature. Our results indicate that a serious decline of Atlantic forest birds is underway and that many other species of birds, not previously recognized as threatened, are of conservation concern .     

苏州工业园区不同生境鸟类群落结构及季节动态

2012年5月至2013年4月,在苏州工业园区选择了4种生境,设置了17条样线、24个样点,逐月对鸟类群落进行了研究。共记录到鸟类130种,隶属12目41科,雀形目鸟类占主要地位,其中留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟分别占鸟类总种数的26.15%、25.38%、27.69%和20.77%。区系以广布种和古北界种类为主,兼有东洋界种类,具有南北过渡的明显特征。从季节动态变化上看,园区鸟种数由多到少表现为春季冬季秋季夏季;密度由高到低表现为冬季秋季春季夏季。湿地生境鸟类种数最多,分布均匀;道路生境鸟类种数最少,分布不均,但优势种突出,以常见的伴人雀形目鸟类为主。聚类结果显示,环境条件是影响鸟类组成的重要因素。