北固山芦苇湿地土壤对铜铬（Ⅵ）的吸附研究

北固山芦苇(Phragmites communis)湿地是长江中下游典型湿地类型之一,沿江工业化和城市化的快速发展使其面临严重的重金属污染威胁。然而,目前有关湿地重金属污染的吸附尤其竞争吸附的研究还少见报道。该文以北固山芦苇湿地为对象,采用平衡法对Cu2 、Cr(VI)在湿地土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,旨在服务于湿地重金属污染的修复与生物学效应评价。研究结果表明:(1)湿地土壤吸附Cu2 、Cr(VI)的过程符合Langmuir等温模型;二者的表观最大吸附量(xm)分别为36.10g·kg-1和178.57g·kg-1(初始液质量浓度c0<500g·m-3),平均吸附率分别达到99.82%±0.35%和93.17%±1.14%。(2)无论单一吸附或竞争吸附体系,当c0(Cu2 )>250g·m-3时,平衡液Cu2 质量浓度快速升高。(3)c0相等的Cu2 、Cr(VI)竞争吸附体系中,平衡液中Cu2 质量浓度升高,Cr(VI)质量浓度下降;但xm的变化表现为Cu2 增加了2.7倍,Cr(VI)降低了2.4倍。(4)Cu2 、Cr(VI)的竞争吸附体系中,随Cr(VI)初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cu2 )恒定),Cr(VI)的xm下降至其单一吸附时的6%;而随Cu2 初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cr(VI))恒定),Cu2 的xm仅为其单一吸附时的1/3。     

CO2去除垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液中Cu、Cr的工艺条件

以垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液中的Cu和Cr为研究对象,采用通入CO_2沉淀处理的方法,通过改变CO_2的浓度、流速、通入时间、反应温度以及重金属离子初始浓度,对水洗液中的Cu和Cr的沉淀效果进行实验研究.结果表明,CO_2能够很好地沉淀水洗液中的Ca~(~(2+)),以及降低p H值; CO_2的浓度越高,Cu和Cr的沉淀效果越好; CO_2沉淀处理Cu和Cr的最佳工艺条件为:CO_2浓度10%、通入时间80 s、流速2 m L·min-1和反应温度40℃,在此工艺条件下,水洗液中Cu和Cr的沉淀率分别达到95%和50%左右.     

毛木耳对铜的生物吸附影响因子研究

报道了高等真菌毛木耳Auricularia polytricha生物吸附Cu2 的试验研究,以摸清毛木耳菌丝体吸附Cu2 的理想条件。试验评价了影响吸附的溶液pH值,温度,振荡吸附时间,初始金属质量浓度和菌丝体生物质量分数。结果表明:pH值影响毛木耳的吸附能力随溶液中初始Cu2 质量浓度的不同而不同,在低Cu2 质量浓度(10mg·L-1),pH=6时,每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值达到最大(1.4608mg);温度的影响没有规律,在20℃时吸附能力最强;吸收15min时,毛木耳每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值为最高(1.379mg);随着溶液初始Cu2 质量浓度的增加,吸附率增加,但随菌丝体生物质量分数的增加吸附能力下降,当溶液Cu2 的质量浓度为60mg·L-1,下降最明显。毛木耳作为重金属的生物吸附剂有待进一步的深入研究。     

长江（南京段）现代沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其形态研究

本文通过对比取样和重金属形态实验研究,对长江现代沉积物中重金属含量在平面上和剖面上的分布特征以及存在的形态进行了分析讨论.结果表明,长江南京段现代沉积物中Cu,Pb,Co,Ni已形成轻—中等程度污染,并且重金属元素随沉积物由老到新正以增加的趋势叠加沉积,叠加速率Cu为0.083μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Pb为0.067μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Co为0.05μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Cr为0.217μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Ni为0.067μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1).叠加量主要为有效态部分.重金属在其有效态中的聚集能力如下:可交换态中:Pb>Co>Cu>Ni,Cr;碳酸盐态中:Cu>Cr>Pb,Co,Ni;Fe-Mn氧化物态中:Co>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr;有机态中:Cu>Cr>Pb,Co,Ni.     

有机酸对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制

采用吸附平衡法,研究了有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸)对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu2+的影响及机制.结果表明,潮褐土、红壤对Cu2+吸附明显有异,潮褐土对Cu2+吸附量是红壤对Cu2+吸附量的5倍多.潮褐土对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而降低,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度为10 mmol(L-1时,Cu2+吸附率均分别比对照的降低40%和70%以上.在低浓度条件下,红壤对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度的提高而增加,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度分别超过1 mmol(L-1和0.05 mmol(L-1时,又随有机酸浓度的升高而降低.两种土壤对Cu2+次级吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而变化的规律与竞争吸附的一致.在相同有机酸浓度下,土壤对Cu2+的次级吸附率均比竞争吸附率的高.     

Cu2+,Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制沼泽红假单胞菌生长的毒性效应

运用标准方法进行有毒化学品对水生生物急性毒性实验 ,得到Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌生长抑制作用的 96h剂量反应方程 ,分别为 :y =- 1.72 6 7x +8.70 0 4 ,R2 =0 .96 5 5c(Cu2 + ) ;y =$C1.15 5 1x +8.9996 ,R2 =0 .92 5 2c(Cd2 + ) ;y=$C1.342 7x +10 .785 ,R2 =0 .975 8c〔Cr(Ⅵ )〕 ,由此计算出Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )的 96h -EC50 分别为 2 .172× 10 -6mol/L ,2 .5 6 6× 10 -5mol/L和 3.92 6× 10 -4mol/L .从而得出它们对沼泽红假单胞菌生长毒性作用大小的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Cr(Ⅵ ) .表 2参 11     

Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)存在下改性玉米秸秆对Cd~(2+)的吸附

以丙烯腈改性的玉米秸秆为吸附剂,对水体中的Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+进行吸附,用双组分竞争模型和LCA模型对实验结果进行拟合,结果表明:改性玉米秸秆对三种重金属离子的吸附能很好地符合Lang-muir方程,相关性(R2)分别为0.98,0.95和0.98,最大吸附容量分别为9.34,31.8和12.7mg·g-1;在Cu2+和Pb2+存在下,改性玉米秸秆对Cd2+的吸附受到明显的抑制,且随Cu2+和Pb2+浓度的增大抑制作用加强;在低浓度时,该吸附材料优先吸附顺序为:Cu2+＞Pb2+＞Cd2+,高浓度时为:Pb2+＞Cu2+＞Cd2+.     

泥炭对溶液中铬的吸附及其在制革废水处理中的应用

经初步处理的泥炭可通过吸附去除制革废水中的Cr(Ⅲ ) ,在不同的振荡时间、Cr(Ⅲ )浓度、吸附剂用量和不同的pH条件下 ,泥炭吸附和去除Cr(Ⅲ )的效果有很大差异 .Cr(Ⅲ )在 1 0— 40mg·l- 1 范围内 ,最大去除率为 73 5 %— 88 2 % ,对应的吸附剂用量为 6 6—8 0g·l- 1 .铬液的初始pH <4 5时 ,Cr(Ⅲ )的去除为吸附过程 ,pH3 6时达到最高值 ;pH >4 5后 ,为沉淀过程 .废铬液中的杂质成分与Cr(Ⅲ )产生竞争吸附 ,使去除率略有降低 .经二次吸附后 ,废水可达到排放标准 .但Cr(Ⅲ )吸附的复杂性 ,使泥炭解吸率较低 .     

广州市白云山4种雀形目鸟类重金属残留分析

检测了广州市白云山风景区白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、暗绿绣眼鸟(Zosteropsjaponicus)、大山雀(Parusma jor)和白眉(Emberizatristrami)4种鸟的飞羽、胸肌和肝脏中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的残留量。结果表明:除Cd在胸肌中未检出外,其他元素在各组织中均有检出。Cd在鸟的肝脏和飞羽中残留量分别为0.2～5.7和0.0～0.5μg·g-1。在鸟的肝脏、胸肌和羽毛中,Cr残留量分别为未检出～0.3、0.3～0.9和0.6～1.3μg·g-1;Cu残留量分别为15.2～88.4、12.6～32.3和5.4～30.8μg·g-1;Pb残留量分别为0.8～15.0、0.0～1.7和5.4～28.0μg·g-1;Zn残留量分别为58.3～347.0、19.5～104.0和114.0～367.0μg·g-1。羽毛中Cr、Pb和Zn残留量较高,Cu残留量较低;肝脏中Cd和Cu残留量较高,而Cr残留量较低;各元素在胸肌中残留均较低。鸟组织中重金属残留量存在种间差异,但不同元素差异程度不同。暗绿绣眼鸟和白眉组织中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb残留量种间差异显著,而Zn残留量种间差异不显著。不同重金属元素在鸟组织中的残留分布特性有较大差异。     

有机酸对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu(II)的影响及其机制

采用吸附平衡法,研究了有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸)对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu2+的影响及机制。结果表明,潮褐土、红壤对Cu2+吸附明显有异,潮褐土对Cu2+吸附量是红壤对Cu2+吸附量的5倍多。潮褐土对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而降低,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度为10 mmolL-1时,Cu2+吸附率均分别比对照的降低40%和70%以上。在低浓度条件下,红壤对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度的提高而增加,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度分别超过1 mmolL-1和0.05 mmolL-1时,又随有机酸浓度的升高而降低。两种土壤对Cu2+次级吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而变化的规律与竞争吸附的一致。在相同有机酸浓度下,土壤对Cu2+的次级吸附率均比竞争吸附率的高。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.