不同消毒剂对水中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活的比较

将脊髓灰质炎病毒（ Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ） 及不同消毒剂投加到模拟水样中,按不同接触时间１ ,３ ,１０ ,３０ ｍｉｎ 取样,空斑定量． 当模拟水有机质含量 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 为２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,病毒浓度ｎ（ Ｐ Ｆ Ｕ） ≈１ ×１０５ ｍ Ｌ－ １ 时,分别投加氯制剂有效氯ρ（ Ｃｌ）１６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,接触３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｃｌ Ｏ２） ＝ ８ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ; Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合消毒剂（５ ．０ ＋ ５ ．０） ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｏ３） ＝ １ ．２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,１０ ｍｉｎ 时;可使病毒彻底灭活． 它们使 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 达到９９ ．９９ ％ 灭活的浓度时间乘积（ ρ×ｔ） 值分别是６６２ ．５ ,１２９ ．５ ,２００ ．０ 和３ ．２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｍｉｎ ． 消毒效果（ 顺序） 为 Ｏ３ ＞ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ． 联合消毒灭活 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 的效果为 Ｃｌ 的３ ．３ 倍,表明将 Ｃｌ 与 Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合应用具有协同效应,优于传统的单一加氯消毒方式     

进水PCP和CODCr质量浓度对厌氧反应器运行效能的影响

应用以氯酚驯化污泥接上流式厌氧消化反应器（ＵＡＤ）连续处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）废水的试验结果表明，在一定的水力负荷下，试验反应器可稳定地处理ρ（ＣＯＤＣｒ）１２５０－１０００ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１和ρ（ＰＣＲ）≤１８０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的有毒有机废水，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率大于９０％，ＰＣＰ去除率大于９９．５％，出水ρ（ＰＣＰ）小于０．５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，维持试验反应器正常运行所必需的最低进水ρ（ＰＣＰ）有关，且进水ρ     

硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

亚硝酸盐氮地草鱼种耗氧率的影响及适应性研究

通过测定全血红蛋白和高铁血红慢白及耗氧率，研究了草鱼种在ＮＯ２－Ｎ作用下的生理变化和对ＮＯ２－Ｎ的应适用性，结果表明：ρ（ＮＯ２－Ｎ）在０－４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１范围内可使草鱼种耗氧率增中，并于１ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１和４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１处出现峰值和次峰暴露处理的鱼种在恢复２１ｄ后，显示出对ＮＯ２－Ｎ的适应性。     

啤酒废水的生物净化与利用研究

以啤酒废水为主的城市污水,通过多级模拟生物净化系统,污水中的有机污染物得到明显转换和去除． Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ、 Ｎ、 Ｐ等污染指标去除率在７９ ．４５ ％ ～９９ ．７０ ％ 之间．随水质的改变,藻类的种类、数量、生物量、叶绿素含量及多样性指数不断上升,清洁种类逐渐增多．在净化后的污水中,鱼虾优质饵料生物—大型蚤数量ｎ达２３４ Ｌ－ １ ,即平均有２ ．６７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｃ、０ ．６２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｎ、０ ．０９ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｐ转移到蚤体中．相关分析表明,大型蚤食量与加入藻的量呈正相关关系,与剩余藻的量呈负相关关系．     

原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

间歇式活性污泥法处理缫丝厂煮蛹废水

１缫丝生产工艺及废水来源缫丝生产过程中产生煮茧、缫丝和煮蛹废水．缫丝后的剩余副产品蛹衬,加入纯碱水煮后,再经离心机分离成茧蛹和滞头,茧蛹是高蛋白食品,滞头粉碎后纺纱．蛹衬水煮过程中产生的废水ｐＨ＝１２,ＣＯＤＣｒ＝１８００ｍｇ·１－１,ＢＯＤ５＝１０６０ｍｇ·１－１,ＳＳ＝１５００ｍｇ·１－１,其生产工艺流程如下:     

有机磷农药降解菌的紫外诱变育种

有机磷农药降解菌地衣芽孢杆菌（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经紫外线诱变后,筛选出突变菌株Ｐ１２ ．在θ＝３０℃,溶解氧ρ（Ｏ２） ＝２ ．５ ｍｇ Ｌ－１ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对甲胺磷的降解率为８０ ．１％ ,比出发菌株提高了将近１０％的降解率．农药斜面连续传代１０ 次,降解活力保持稳定．     

几种胁迫因素对绞股蓝愈伤组织中皂甙积累的影响

将ＭＳ＋ρ（２,４Ｄ）０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１＋ρ（ＢＡ）１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１培养基的Ｍｎ２＋浓度提高２０倍时可使绞胶蓝愈伤组织培养物的皂甙产率增加９１％,而提高Ｃｕ２＋浓度对皂甙积累的影响不显著;培养基中加入６８０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１的甘露醇可使皂甙产率提高８３％,但加入ＮａＣｌ则会降低皂甙产量;适当浓度的米曲霉和根霉提取物可使皂甙产率分别提高９７％和４２％．由ＴＬＣ图谱可见,绞股蓝愈伤组织中的皂甙组成与原植物相似,但出现一个新组分;原个别组分在不同的胁迫条件下有差别地消失．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.