鼠尾藻提取物对亚历山大藻的化感效应

研究不同浓度的鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水及4种不同极性有机溶剂(甲醇、丙酮、乙醚、氯仿)提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制作用.结果表明:鼠尾藻组织甲醇提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制活性最强,大于3×10-8 mg kg-1浓度作用下亚历山大藻在1 d内完全死亡;鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水抽提物与对照组相比在各个浓度时均能显著抑制亚历山大藻的生长,但即使在最高浓度1.6×10-6mg kg-1下亦对其无致死效应;其他3种有机溶剂提取物对亚历山大藻的生长无明显影响.表明鼠尾藻组织中含有的对亚历山大藻具有抑制作用的活性物质具有较高的极性.对鼠尾藻甲醇提取物进行液液萃取,将其分离为石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和蒸馏水相,并对亚历山大藻进行生物活性检测.结果发现,石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相具有较强的杀藻活性,表明脂肪酸可能是鼠尾藻组织内抑制亚历山大藻生长的克生物质的重要组成成分之一.图3参36     

含酚废水中有机酸的气相色谱测定

本文报导从复杂的高浓度废水,特别是含高浓度酚的废水中分离测定有机酸的气相色谱分析方法。利用有机酸和酚在酸性上的差别,在水溶滚中加入适量的碳酸氢钠,用二氧甲烷萃取,有机酸留在水相,而酚类进入有机相.在水相中的羧酸用乙醚萃取,或经甲醇-硫酸甲酯化处理,得到羧酸酯类化合物,再用乙醚萃取.然后将萃取液进行气相色谱或色-质谱测定。 采用正交设计试验选择了最佳衍生化条件.一元羧酸和二元羧酸衍生化的收率分别为64—98%和60—91％.用本方法检出煤气化废水中的羧酸类化合物四十余种,并进行了定量测定.     

不同土壤提取物对人参种子生长的化感效应及其化学组成

采用甲醇提取法提取新林地土、人参根际土以及栽培人参(Panax ginseng)、西洋参(Panax quinquefolius)的老参地土.每种土壤提取物设6个质量浓度梯度,以研究不同土壤提取物在特定质量浓度下对人参种子胚根和胚轴生长的化感效应,每种处理设3次重复.试验结果表明,与对照相比,人参根际土提取物对人参种子生长的化感效应最强,老参地土提取物对人参种子生长的化感效应次之,新林地土提取物对人参种子生长的化感效应最弱.经GC-MS分析,分别从6种土壤提取物中检测到1425种数量不等的化合物组分,其中苯胺类物质、酚酸及其衍生物被报道在其它植物上有化感活性,可能参与对人参种子的生理性毒害作用.     

薄荷化感物质的作用及其初步分离

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)、青菜(Brassica chinensis)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus)3种作物为受体，对薄荷(Mentha Haplocalyx)化感物质的作用进行了研究．结果表明：薄荷根分泌物显著促进小麦幼苗和幼根的生长，显著抑制青菜幼苗和幼根生长，显著促进萝卜幼苗而抑制其幼根生长．薄荷地上部分水浸液显著抑制青菜、萝卜的种子萌发和幼苗、幼根的生长；萝卜比青菜更敏感，幼根比幼苗更敏感；随着化感物质浓度的降低，抑制作用逐渐减弱、消失，甚至转变为促进作用．水浸液经氯仿、石油醚萃取后，剩余水相浓度变小、水势升高，但其抑制作用反而更加强烈．这说明，这种极其强烈的抑制作用不是低水势而是化感物质造成的；而且，剩余水相的抑制作用被同样具有抑制作用的石油醚相和氯仿相组分所削弱。即化感组分之间存在拮抗作用．剩余水相经大孔树脂进一步分离得到的3个组分都极显著地促进青菜幼苗的生长．这表明，水相强烈的抑制作用是由起极显著促进作用的3个组分的混合物产生的，且排除了水势降低的影响．但组分2显著抑制青菜、萝卜种子的萌发和幼根的生长．图2表4参26     

石斛不同极性成分的提取及其对肺癌细胞的抑制作用

为探究石斛(Dendrobium)的不同极性成分对人肺癌细胞抑制作用的差异,寻找到石斛抗癌活性成分高效提取的方法,采用极性不同的溶剂和方法对金钗石斛(D.nobile)、迭鞘石斛(D.denneanum)的药用成分分别进行提取以及层析柱纯化,以CCK-8实验检测不同极性提取物对人肺癌细胞和正常细胞的抑制作用,同时采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分别对石斛的乙醚和乙醇提取物成分进行检测和比较.结果显示,石斛的不同极性成分抑癌作用差异显著,石斛的抑癌成分极性较小,易溶于乙醚.经石油醚预洗后的石斛乙醚提取物对肺癌细胞的抑制作用较强,100μg/mL的金钗石斛与迭鞘石斛提取物对肺癌A549细胞的24 h抑制率分别为45%和40%.而传统中药成分提取中常用的水和乙醇对石斛抗癌成分的提取效率较低.红外光谱分析亦显示石斛的乙醚提取物与乙醇提取物化学成分上存在较大差别,因此对于石斛抗癌成分的提取应采用极性较小的乙醚等溶剂.此外,发现金钗石斛的特定极性组分C具有较强的抑制肺癌细胞作用,其100μg/mL的浓度对肺癌A549细胞的24 h抑制率达到97%,可作为石斛抗癌新药筛选的来源.因此,金钗石斛和迭鞘石斛的抑癌成分具有特定的极性,结果可为石斛抗癌成分及抗癌作用的进一步研究和利用提供参考.     

4种浮萍提取物的抗菌活性和黄酮含量

浮萍(Lemnaceae)生长在微生物丰富的污水表面,为了研究浮萍抗菌机制,为浮萍抗菌物质活性筛选以及动植物病原菌和人类致病微生物感染机制研究提供依据,用不同极性的溶剂对浮萍进行提取,牛津杯法(Oxford Cup)及最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定比较绿萍zh0018、少根紫萍zh0224以及多根紫萍zh0003、zh0225四种浮萍提取物的体外抗菌活性,并用分光光度法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定分析提取物总黄酮含量以及成分差异.结果表明:浮萍甲醇提取物、95%乙醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、农杆菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性,其中多根紫萍zh0225甲醇提取物抗菌活性最强(MIC:6.25 mg/mL),其次为绿萍;各萃取物中乙酸乙酯相活性最强(MIC:0.78 mg/mL),其次为正丁醇相.分光光度法测得绿萍甲醇提取物总黄酮含量较高,为提取物的9.8%,其次为少根紫萍甲醇提取物,为8.1%,其中多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯相含量最高,为萃取物的22.46%,其次为正丁醇相,为17.2%.HPLC测得不同浮萍提取物黄酮成分差异较大,两株多根紫萍成分相似而含量不同.研究表明,结合浮萍自身的特性和提取物抗菌活性的大小及黄酮含量,筛选多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯萃取相作为优良浮萍品种提取活性物质以及开展药物生产具有巨大潜力.     

地表水中致癌芳香胺的高效液相色谱-串联质谱直接测定方法

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)快速直接测定地表水中致癌芳香胺物质的方法.样品采集后,用0.22μm的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)滤膜过滤,用C18 RRHD色谱柱进行梯度洗脱分离,流动相为甲醇和水,采用电喷雾正离子模式,并采用多反应监测模式(MRM)测定,外标法定量.方法重点优化了色谱分离条件、质谱碎裂电压、碰撞能量,考察了流动相中甲酸铵或甲酸浓度对目标化合物响应的影响.23种组分不同浓度水平的加标回收率在70.3%—119.8%之间,相对标准偏差在2.1%—10.2%(n=7)之间,方法的定量限(LOQ)在0.01—2.0μg·L-1之间.方法具有操作方便、灵敏度较高、快速准确的优点,能为环境水体污染源监测、饮水安全提供技术保障.     

盐京九号水稻秸秆对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的抑制作用

以盐京九号水稻为材料,研究经高温灭菌或物理粉碎后的水稻秸秆微细颗粒对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)生长的抑制及其作用机制.结果表明,当藻液中水稻秸秆添加量≥10g·L-1时,高温灭菌与未灭菌的水稻秸秆同样能抑制微囊藻生长.灭菌稻秆试验组藻细胞的呼吸速率和SOD活性都呈现出先上升后迅速下降的趋势;通过有机溶剂(石油醚、乙酸乙酯和乙醚)萃取稻秆水浸液,用滤纸片法在固体培养基上所做的抑藻试验结果表明,乙醚提取液有明显的抑藻圈.提示抑藻效应是水稻秸秆中某些化学物质溶出而产生的作用,与微生物的活动无关.进一步分离鉴定乙醚提取液结果显示,浸提液中有机酸类和酚类物质有显著的抑藻效应.水稻秸秆微粒的粒径越小,产生的抑藻效应出现得越早,也越明显,这可能还与秸秆微粒的吸附作用有关.     

Ca^2＋参与乙烯消减NaCl对苜蓿种子萌发的抑制

外源乙烯能消减ＮａＣｌ对苜蓿种子萌发的抑制，乙烯的这种作用对包被（种皮和胚乳）具有依赖性；胚与包被处于分离时，外源乙烯的消减作用消失；加回包被后，外源乙烯的作用恢复．分析表明，包被中存在某种易溶于水的、热稳定的小分子物质为乙烯作用所必需；当包被存在时，ＥＤＴＡ及ＥＧＴＡ都能减少乙烯的作用．分析显示：包被中Ｃａ２＋含量较大，且Ｃａ２＋能代替包被作用；无包被存在时，Ｃａ２＋对外源乙烯的有效性具决定作用，表明包被中的有效物质可能是Ｃａ２＋，乙烯的作用依赖于Ｃａ２＋．     

烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液对莴苣的化感作用

为了研究烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液及其不同组分的化感作用,以对化感物质具有高敏感性的莴苣(Lactuca sativa)为指示材料,对烟草品种K326凋萎叶早期腐解液及其分离后的各组分分别进行了化感潜力的生物测定.结果表明:1)早期腐解液及其组分随处理浓度的增大对莴苣种子萌发的抑制效应逐渐增强,且显著降低了种子萌发速率,并延...     

The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David’s rock squirrels

The food perishability hypothesis reasons that the perishability of nondormant acorns through rapid germination is the primary determinant of hoarding decisions (e.g., embryo removal in nondormant acorns in particular) by scatter-hoarding squirrels. However, we do not know whether seed size and its interactions with seed germination schedule affect squirrel’s hoarding decisions. By presenting pairs of acorns with contrasting germination/dormancy conditions and seed size, we investigated the relative importance of each target trait in determining the hoarding decisions of free-ranging Pére David’s rock squirrel (Sciurotamias davidianus) in Central China. Consistent with the food perishability hypothesis, the squirrels were highly sensitive to subtle differences of acorn germination status either within nondormant acorns or between nondormant and dormant acorns. Though there were no significant differences in seed hoarding and dispersal distance, the embryo-removal probability of nondormant acorns (especially those germinated) was much higher than that of dormant acorns prior to hoarding. Our results also support the seed size hypothesis. Large acorns were often hoarded more and moved farther than small acorns, and large nondormant acorns also had a higher probability of having their embryos removed. Moreover, the interactions between seed size and seed germination schedule had a large effect on whether a given acorn was hoarded or hoarded with its embryo removed. Our study indicates that the combined effects from seed germination schedule and seed size have the potential to determine hoarding decisions of scatter-hoarding squirrels.     

Assessment of deposition of MEMC (seed dressing fungicide) in exposed rice grain through study of seedling growth parameters

Rice seed grains exposed to 240 ppm of seed dressing fungicide, MEMC showed increase in deposition of mercury with increase in period of observation (0h to 48h) in 765+/-5 mg of intact endosperm. The gradual increase in mercury deposition in intact endosperm caused simultaneous decrease in mercury content of the seed coat. Exposure periods of 5 to 20 min with 240 ppm of MEMC showed 5.5 to 8.72 microg of mercury deposition in 765+/-5 mg of intact endosperm. Increase in period of exposure (3 to 20 min) to 240 ppm of MEMC and also increase in chronic treatment to lower concentrations (1.5 ppm to 24 ppm) to seed grains have shown similar results in seedling growth parameters. Lower period of exposure or exposure to lower concentrations, both showed a significant inhibition of root growth, however the shoot growth showed stimulation. But higher exposure period or exposure to higher concentrations brought inhibition of both root and shoot growth. The exposure period showing 50% of root growth inhibition of 72h old seedling was calculated to be 10 min So also the chronic treatment showing the 50% of root growth inhibition was calculated to be 9 ppm. Ten min exposure of rice grain to 240 ppm of MEMC showed deposition of 7.11 microg of mercury in 765+/-5 mg of intact endosperm at 48h of observation (optimal phase of germinating process). Regression analysis indicated that by the time of 72h the intact endosperm and developing seedling might have acquired with a minimum amount of 10.23 microg of mercury from the seed coat. Finally it can be said that 10.23 microg of MEMC might be bringing 50% root growth inhibition in 72h old seedlings and 16.71 microg of mercury causing 50% inhibition of both root and shoot growth of 120h old seedlings.     

Dangerous liaisons disperse the Mediterranean dwarf palm: fleshy-pulp defensive role against seed predators

We chose the interaction between the Mediterranean dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis) and its major seed disperser, the Eurasian badger (Meles meles), to evaluate the hypothesis that endozoochory is characterized by a mixture of conflicting and overlapping interests, with the capacity of being positive or negative for plant fitness. For instance, because of the potential protective role against invertebrate seed predators of C. humilis pulp, we expected that badger-ingested diaspores (i.e., seeds without pulp) would show lower survival than control seeds with the pulp attached. Conversely, due to the possible germination inhibitory function of C. humilis fruit pulp, it was also likely that badger-ingested seeds germinate in higher proportion than control seeds. We evaluated our predictions by carrying out a field sowing and monitoring it over two years. We estimated several stage-specific transition probabilities as well as the cumulative probability of seedling recruitment under different treatments. Our experimental results revealed the multifunctionality of C. humilis fruit pulp and that fruit ingestion by badgers had conflicting outcomes for the palm. As predicted, seed survival was much lower and seed predation by invertebrates much higher for badger-ingested than for control seeds, suggesting a defensive role of C. humilis ripe fruit pulp. All early-emerged seedlings came from badger-ingested seeds, suggesting an inhibitory function of fruit pulp. Though we did not find an effect of removal from the maternal environment on most components of fitness, seedling survival for badger-ingested seeds was higher away from than beneath conspecifics. Badgers imposed a sizeable short-term fitness cost to C. humilis and therefore could be categorized as a "dangerous liaison." Nonetheless, because of the high mobility of the badger, its dispersal service appears paramount given the severe fragmentation and isolation of most C. humilis populations across the highly humanized Mediterranean basin. Our study thus illustrates the necessity of assessing concurrently direct and indirect effects of plant-disperser interactions at different stages of the plant life cycle and recruitment process.     

Comparative larvicidal potential of different plant parts of Withania somnifera against vector mosquitoes in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan

Larvicidal potential of the extracts from different parts viz. green and red fruits, seeds, fruit without seeds, leaves and roots of Withania somnifera in different solvents was evaluated against larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, the important disease vectors prevalent in the semi-arid region. Experiments were carried out on late 3rd or early 4th instar larvae of these mosquitoes using standard WHO technique. 24 and 48 hr LC50 values along with their 95% confidence limits, regression equation, chi-square (chi2)/heterogeneity of the response have been determined by log probit regression analysis. The 24 hr LC50 values as observed for whole green fruits in water, methanol and petroleum ether were 350.9, 372.4, 576.9; 115.0, 197.1, 554.6; 154.9, 312.0, 1085.0 while corresponding values for red fruits were 473.5, 406.4,445.2; 94.7, 94.5, 1013.0; 241.8, 535.0, 893.3 mg l(-1) for An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus respectively showing that methanol extracts were more effective against anophelines as compared to culicines when whole fruits were taken. The 24 hr LC50 values as observed for seeds in acetone, methanol and petroleum ether were 188.1, 777.5, 822.5; 245.5, 769.0, 1169.0; 140.3, 822.9, 778.4 and for fruit without seeds were 80.2, 97.6, 146.6; 88.4, 404.4, 1030.0; 30.0, 44.5, 54.2 mg l(-1) for the above mosquito species respectively showing that extract of fruit without seeds were most effective in petroleum ether followed by acetone and methanol extracts. However, experiments conducted with methanol extracts of leaves and roots of this plant species did not show any appreciable larvicidal activity and a 20-40% mortality was observed up to 500 mg l(-1) of the extracts. Overall larvae of anophelines were found more susceptible as compared to culicines to all the extracts tested. Petroleum ether extract of fruit without seeds was found most effective against all the mosquito species showing that active ingredient might be present in this part of the plant species. The study would be of great importance while planning vector control strategy based on alternative plant derived insecticides.     

Thieves or mutualists? Pulp feeders enhance endozoochore local recruitment

The persistence of mutualisms despite the strong incidence of exploiters could be explained if exploiters deny one or more services (i.e., cheat) while eventually supplying some subtler but critical services. Pulp feeders usually ingest fruit reward without dispersing seeds and thus are considered to be mainly cheaters or thieves of seed-disperser mutualisms. By consuming the fruit pulp, however, they could release seeds from pulp inhibitory effect, enhancing germination and, potentially, subsequent seedling emergence, growth, survival, and thus local recruitment. We evaluated such a largely neglected hypothesis by considering the interaction between Pyrus bourgaeana and its pulp feeders. We experimentally showed that pericarp removal had a consistent strong positive effect on seed performance (e.g., lower rotting and higher germination percentages) and seedling fate (greater emergence, growth, and survival to two years old). Interestingly, these relatively large positive effects of depulpation on plant fitness persisted for a surprisingly long time. Though seedlings experienced higher mortality under fruiting conspecifics, the benefits of depulpation were not overridden by high propagule mortality beneath fruiting trees or in adverse microhabitats after two years of monitoring. Specifically, the cumulative probability of establishment for depulped seeds was 4-25 times higher than for seeds in whole ripe fruits. Thus, under some circumstances, pulp feeders can provide essential services to endozoochorous plants. Our study contributes to clarifying the apparent paradox of plant-frugivore mutualisms that persist in the face of exploitation by pulp feeders. Because "thieves" and "mutualists" refer to the extremes of a complex continuum, and because organisms displaying concurrent cheating and honest behaviors during different host stages are likely prevalent, the persistent language of mutualists vs. thieves, cheaters, or exploiters might be misleading.     

Oviposition of carrot fly (Psila rosae) in response to foliage and leaf surface extracts of host plants

Summary. Foliage of twelve host and two non-host species and surrogate leaves treated with the respective leaf extracts were presented to laboratory populations of the carrot fly (Psila rosae) in oviposition choice assays. The stimulatory activity of dichloromethane surface extracts and the diethyl ether fraction of hot water extracts did not reflect accurately the differences in acceptability observed among intact leaves. A better correlation was found using hexane extracts prepared in a microwave oven. Two out of five fractions of this crude hexane extract obtained by silica gel column chromatography stimulated oviposition. The diethyl ether fraction, which contained the previously identified oviposition stimulants (propenylbenzenes, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes), could account for only a minor part of the variation in the acceptability of host leaves. The preference hierarchy for intact leaves corresponded better to the ranking of species according to activity of the methanolic fraction, which apparently contains unknown stimulatory compounds.? The water fractions of the hot water extracts were shown to reduce egg-laying underneath surrogate leaves treated with a stimulatory extract. This oviposition-deterring effect was particularly strong with the non-preferred species Pimpinella major, which is also highly resistant in the field. Hence, unidentified inhibitory compounds may also contribute to differential accept ability of host plants. It is concluded that antixenotic (non-preference) resistance of host plants to carrot fly attack depends on complex mixtures of semiochemicals. Received 11 June 1997; accepted 26 November 1997.     

Relative Importance of Reproductive Biology and Establishment Ecology for Persistence of a Rare Shrub in a Fragmented Landscape

Abstract:  Verticordia fimbrilepis (Turcz) ssp. fimbrilepis (Myrtaceae) is an endangered shrub that occurs in a number of populations varying in size and landscape context. We compared the importance of factors associated with its reproductive biology with that of factors influencing the regeneration niche in survival of small, isolated populations in contrasting habitat fragments. Small populations on road verges had equal or greater diversity of insect visitors to flowers, rates of pollination, and seed production compared with larger populations in conservation reserves. V. fimbrilepis seeds remained dormant in the soil for at least 30 months, and germination was stimulated by smoke. Plants were killed by fire, but mass recruitment from soil-stored seed reserves occurred in the first and second winters following fire. Our studies showed some seedling recruitment between fires, but this was strongly related to the availability of competition-free establishment sites. Whether this is enough to replace older plants as they die and thereby sustain stable populations is unknown and probably varies with the landscape. Environmental variation between fire episodes influenced population size. Drought increased mortality, but wetter years encouraged interfire recruitment. Most populations are declining and cannot recover without the occurrence of fire. In a fragmented agricultural landscape, fire suppression is the primary management practice. This may adversely affect rare species such as V. fimbrilepis and others with similar life histories that rely on a particular fire regime to persist. Population persistence is more likely to be related to stochastic environmental events than to factors associated with reproductive biology.     

优质蛋白玉米籽粒超微结构与品质性状的相关研究

以两个优质蛋白玉米（QPM）群体（T34QPMC3和陕综5号／O2C0）为试材，采用胚乳硬质度0，1，2，3，4五级分类法，对籽粒进行分析、观察．结果表时：胚乳硬质度越高，籽粒物理性状越好，蛋白质品质越差；硬质度越低，籽粒物理性状越差，蛋白质品质越好．在半硬质胚乳奥帕克-2玉米中，胚乳硬质度、籽粒密度的差异主要表现于胚乳内部组织，而胚乳边缘组织无差异．胚乳内部组织结构的疏密排布、淀粉粒形状、均匀住、角质化程度决定了籽粒物理性状的优劣；胚乳内部组织中基质蛋白形态、密度以及与淀粉粒结合紧密程度决定了优质蛋白玉米胚乳营养品质．     

八氯二丙醚的研究现状与展望

八氯二丙醚是一种农药增效剂,多用于农药喷雾剂、蚊香等。八氯二丙醚在环境中滞留时间长,属于类持久性有机污染物,可能具有致畸、致癌、致突变作用。近10年来国内外学者对环境中的八氯二丙醚进行了比较多的调查和研究。首先对八氯二丙醚的性质、应用情况进行了阐述,然后分析八氯二丙醚的研究现状及可能来源,最后对未来八氯二丙醚的研究的重点和发展趋势进行了展望。文献分析表明：（1）目前国内外的研究集中报道八氯二丙醚在环境中的含量（如农药、蚊香、茶叶、大米、蔬菜、水果等）,缺乏八氯二丙醚的环境行为及其在环境中的迁移、转化及降解机理的研究,更缺乏农产品中八氯二丙醚残留的快速检测研究。（2）报道八氯二丙醚对动物及昆虫的毒性及毒理学试验、杀虫活性研究,缺乏八氯二丙醚对人体暴露风险的研究。