可调辊轧式弯曲模控制U型零件的回弹

叙述了薄板弯曲成“U”型所采用可调辊轧式模具的实际情况,介绍了应用各种不同材料后如何控制回弹的方法.     

板厚对冲裁力影响规律的研究

理论分析和生产实践表明 ,在一定范围内 ,间隙对冲裁力的影响是很小的 ,而板材相对厚度是影响单位厚度上冲裁力的主要因素。当材料性能等其它条件一定时 ,冲裁力随着板厚的增大而增大 ,但单位板厚上的冲裁力则随着板厚的增加而减小。在有限元模拟和实验分析的基础上 ,提出了计算冲裁力的新方法 ,对揭示剪切加工机理及正确确定冲裁力有理论和实际意义。     

Bending of Titanium Sheet Using Laser Forming

Laser forming, a novel manufacturing method for bending sheet metal first reported in 1985, has been investigated as an alternative to hot brake forming (industry standard) of titanium sheet parts for the aircraft industry. Laser forming involves scanning a focused or partially defocused laser beam over the surface of a titanium workpiece to cause localized heating along the bend line and angular deflection toward the beam. The main advantage that laser forming has over conventional brake forming is increased process flexibility. An experimental investigation of this process (primarily designed experiments) met the following objectives: identified the response variables related to change in geometry (bend angle) and material microstructure; characterized the influence of process variables (scanning speed, beam diameter, laser power) on these response variables; determined the degree of controllability over the process variables; and evaluated the suitability of laser forming for the aircraft industry (most important), all with respect to titanium sheet. It has been determined that laser forming with an Nd:YAG laser is a controllable, flexible manufacturing process for titanium sheet bending. Unfortunately, these advantages over traditional hot brake forming are overshadowed by the fact that, with regard to forming with titanium, laser forming is significantly slower and more labor and energy intensive, and results in unacceptable material properties at the bend line according to aircraft industry standards. These findings cast doubt over the assertions of some researchers that laser forming may be a viable manufacturing process for parts made in small batches. Instead, it appears that it may be best suited for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts.     

二维板料U形弯曲回弹的数值模拟研究

板料成形后的回弹对精度影响较大,在数值模拟时对回弹进行精确预测显得非常重要。分析比较了几种计算板料回弹方法的优缺点,提出了用静态隐式算法计算回弹较为合适,以MARC为平台建立了计算板料回弹的系统。计算了二维弯曲成形后的回弹,并通过与实验结果相比较两者结果的一致性验证了计算的可靠性。     

An Analytical Prediction of Flange Wrinkling in Sheet Metal Forming

Wrinkling is one of the major defects in sheet metal forming. The ability to accurately predict the occurrence of wrinkling is critical to the design of tooling and processing parameters. An analytical approach for predicting the onset of flange wrinkling is presented. This method is based on the wrinkling criterion proposed by Cao and Boyce for predicting the buckling behavior of sheet metal under normal constraint. Using a combination of energy conservation and plastic bending theory, the analysis provides the critical buckling stress and wavelength as functions of normal pressure. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from Cao and Boyce's numerical approach, and also match well with the experimental results of a square cup forming. In addition, the effects of material properties on the wrinkling behavior are also discussed. The analytical method significantly reduces computational time and is suitable for direct engineering application.     

关于宽板塑性弯曲变薄理论解的讨论

指出了宽板塑性弯曲原理论解[1]和实验值[2]的矛盾,提出了一种新的理论解法,并与实验值作了比较,二者非常接近。     

旋转拉伸弯管法

弯管工艺是指将平直的管子按选定的半径和弯曲角度弯曲成形。管子冷弯的方法有好几种,此文讲述的是旋转拉伸弯管法。文章主要介绍旋转拉伸弯管法的原理,所用的基本工具及其功能,弯管的操作步骤等等。对如何生产合格的冷弯管子有一定的参考作用。     

金属板材成形的静力隐式有限元分析与程序设计

阐述了用于板材成形过程静力隐式数值模拟的弹塑性大变形有限元方法 ,基于给出的方法编制了板材成形过程数值模拟软件 ,并对矩形板的液压胀形进行了有限元分析 ,计算结果与典型的实验结果吻合很好。对球形模具拉伸成形过程进行了数值模拟 ,给出了计算结果     

External force-assisted laser forming process for gaining high bending angles

Laser forming process is used in forming and bending of metallic and non-metallic sheets. Laser beam irradiation causes a localized temperature increase and a localized mechanical strength decrease. In this article, an external mechanical force is added to a laser beam irradiation, which is called external force-assisted laser forming process, to gain a 90-degree bending angle. Furthermore, Numerical simulation of the process is performed to achieve a good understanding of the process. Simulation results show that more than two-third of the final forming is due to the laser beam irradiation. Equivalent plastic strain values during laser forming and external force-assisted laser forming processes are compared. Results show that equivalent plastic strain in laser forming process increases in a step pattern, with increasing in scan pass numbers. This occurs because when the laser beam irradiates on the sheet surface, it reduces the yield strength of the sheet. Equivalent plastic strain in external force-assisted laser forming process has an oscillatory step nature. This attributes to simultaneous effects of strain hardening and thermal induced reduction of yield strength of the sheet. Simulations were in good accordance with experiments.     

采用薄膜模型模拟三维板料成形过程

此文基于有限变形理论建立了三维金属板料成形过程的弹塑性有限元数学模型。数学模型采用物质坐标系中的Total Lagrange描述、J_2型本构方程、等向强化假设,考虑了板料的厚向异性,对于金属板料与模具的摩擦采用近似的库仑摩擦定律以改善计算的收敛性。为简化计算采用薄膜单元。采用根据此模型编制的程序模拟了机油收集器基本件的成形过程,并与实验结果进行了对比。     

Shear cutting and counter shear cutting of sandwich materials

New lightweight sandwich materials challenge existing forming processes as well as following process steps. As such the manufacturing potential of shear cutting has to be evaluated. Two cutting methods are compared. Method commonly used is shear-cutting within one stroke engaged, the other one is known as counter-shear cutting, which uses two strokes.The challenges of cutting sandwich materials are variation of hole diameter within the different layers, fraying of the textiles, deformation of the hole contour and burr formation. These effects occur in conventional shear cutting as the intermediate layer and the lower sheet metal are cut by the scrap of the upper sheet instead of the cutting punch.The following methodology included shear cutting with closed cutting edge i.e. cutting of holes into five different sandwich materials. The sandwiches exemplarily represent multiple kinds of possible material designs. For instance, aluminum and steel face sheets, different thicknesses of intermediate layers and different intermediate layers materials such as integrated textile fibers have been used. Adequate cutting parameters such as die clearance and the use of a blank holder have been determined. To achieve good results a stiff machine design with good guidance and precise control of punch position was crucial.Observations of conventional shear cutting revealed the need of small cutting clearance of 4%. High burnish area is possible for the upper face sheet due to the superimposed force by the lower face sheet. The major conclusion depicted that high cutting quality of sandwich materials requires counter shear cutting. Hence, the roll-over of the lower sheet facing the intermediate layer, the burnish area at the lower sheet, good cutting quality of the fibers improve significantly and burr formation is avoided completely. Summarized this paper provides cutting parameters for sandwich materials based on experimental work.     

船舶海水管路冲刷腐蚀仿真分析及预测

目的 获取船舶海水管路系统中弯管在不同因素影响下的冲刷腐蚀规律,预测其冲刷腐蚀速率.方法 采用试验测试和数值仿真相结合的方法,研究管路系统中弯管在不同海水流速、管径、弯径比影响下的冲刷腐蚀规律,采用灰色关联分析各因素对冲刷腐蚀影响的严重程度,最后建立冲刷腐蚀速率预测方程.结果 随流速增加,最大冲刷腐蚀速率先增大、后趋于平稳;随管径增加,管壁最大冲刷腐蚀速率逐渐减小;随弯径比增加,管壁最大冲刷腐蚀速率先减小后略有增加.不同因素对冲刷腐蚀速率影响的严重程度由大到小为弯径比、流速、管径.结论 数值仿真方法可快速获取管路参数变化对冲刷腐蚀速率的影响,基于仿真结果建立的冲刷腐蚀速率预测方程可以很好地预测不同因素影响下的弯管冲刷腐蚀,有较高的预测精度.     

LDR and hydroforming limit for deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheet

The goal of the research was to determine the limits and conditions in which the sheet hydroforming process provides a significant advantage over stamping in deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheets. Specifically, the maximum draw depth achievable by stamping, warm stamping (WF), sheet hydroforming (SHF), and sheet thermo-hydroforming (THF) of AA5754 aluminum alloy were quantified through experimental and computational modeling. A limited number of forming experiments were conducted with AA5754 aluminum sheets using a cylindrical punch and counteracting fluid at different temperatures and pressures. Several parameters, such as force–displacement, hydroforming pressure and temperature, and the maximum draw depth prior to wrinkling or tearing were measured during the forming process to make comparisons with simulations. The computational study included the simulation of stamping, WF, SHF and THF of AA5754 aluminum sheet with the LS-Dyna code, and the Barlat 2000-2d yield function with temperature-dependent coefficients. To predict the onset of wrinkling and tearing, the numerically generated, temperature-dependent forming limit diagrams (FLDs) based on the Barlat 2000-2d yield function were used. It was found that compared with stamping, SHF and THF can achieve more than 100% deeper draw depths with AA5754 aluminum sheet. The stamping simulations were used also to calculate the optimum blank size and die corner radii for the limiting draw ratio (LDR). The LDR was found to be very sensitive to the punch and die corner radii used in the experiments, which represent the curvature of character lines in an actual part. The LDR for AA5754 aluminum sheet was found to be 1.33 and 2.21 for sharp and round die corner radii, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that SHF is most ideal for deep drawing of aluminum sheets with sharp radii features. With the additional drawability provided by SHF, the automotive industry would be able to make difficult-to-form aluminum parts that cannot be stamped without product concessions such as increasing the die radii.     

薄板深拉延成形有限元仿真

板材成形有限元仿真采用虚拟制造技术反映模具与板材之间的相互作用以及板材实际变形的全过程,有助于推动生产的快速化和设计的智能化。汽车企业通过对板材成形过程的有限元仿真可确定钢板性能参数范围和冲压工艺参数范围,以保证生产的稳定性。采用动力显式有限元软件LS-DYNA,对上海宝钢St14-T冷轧薄板的深拉延成形过程进行了仿真计算,分析了变形过程的金属流动规律。     

对金属薄板成形性试验方法(HB6140.4-87)中弯曲凸模的探讨

金属板材成形性试验方法 (HB61 4 0 .4- 87)是测定各种成形工艺参数的重要依据 ,但在应用该标准进行试验研究过程中 ,发现弯曲试验部分所规定的弯曲凸模形状和尺寸不能很好地满足试验原理的要求。在深入研究的基础上指出了问题所在 ,并提出了建议性的设计修改意见 ,这对完善标准内容、提高材料成形试验研究水平和更准确地指导生产实践有着重要的现实意义。     

板材成形模拟的研究和应用

介绍了板材成形数值模拟技术的研究和应用在国内外发展的概况 ,并从基本算法、单元模型和网格划分、材料模型、接触摩擦、起皱问题、破裂问题和回弹计算等方面介绍了弹塑性有限元的基本原理、关键技术和主要难点 ,结合在工厂实际生产中的使用情况和存在的问题 ,展望了板材数值模拟技术今后的发展方向     

直升机尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验技术研究

目的 提升尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验安装和调试速率,加快考核出尾桨叶翼型段疲劳性能和疲劳寿命。方法 通过标定出尾桨叶翼型段挥舞与摆振标定系数和预扭角,分析出一种通过理论计算出安装攻角的方法,利用理论计算出的攻角指导实际安装攻角,调整攻角值到实际加载满足试验要求的载荷值,在尾桨叶翼型段安装和调试完成后进行了疲劳试验。结果 4件尾桨叶翼型段理论计算攻角值与实际安装攻角进行对比,安装攻角理论值与实际值偏差范围在1.5°以内,并且4件尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验载荷分布误差小于4%,疲劳性能满足6000飞行小时的疲劳寿命要求。结论 尾桨叶翼型疲劳试验中,理论计算攻角值具有加快估算安装攻角的意义,提升疲劳试验效率,试验调试载荷分布基本一致。经过尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验验证后,试验件疲劳性能良好且稳定,为后续科研试验转入鉴定试验提供了基础。     

Numerical modelling of electrohydraulic free-forming and die-forming of DP590 steel

Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is a high energy rate forming process in which the strain rate in the sheet metal can vary from 5 × 10² to 10⁵ s⁻¹ depending on various factors. Several mechanisms have been reported to cause an improvement in formability in EHF such as material deformation mechanisms, inertial effects and the dynamic impact of the sheet against the die. EHF is a complex high speed forming process and experimental work alone is not sufficient to properly understand this process. To understand the variation of some influential variables in EHF, electrohydraulic die-forming (EHDF) and free-forming (EHFF) of DP590 dual phase steel were simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit by considering the fluid/structure interactions. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted by modelling the water with Eulerian elements with a view to investigating the effect of released energy on the sheet deformation profile history, strain distribution, loading path and damage accumulation type. The Johnson–Cook constitutive material model was used to predict the sheet behaviour and the parameters in this model were calibrated based on experimental test results available for DP590 at various strain rates. The Johnson–Cook phenomenological damage model was also used to predict the ductile failure (damage accumulation) in both EHDF and EHFF. Predicted final strain values and damage accumulation type showed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Analytical prediction of stepped feature generation in multi-pass single point incremental forming

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a new sheet metal forming process characterized by higher formability, product independent tooling and greater process flexibility. The inability of conventional single pass SPIF to form vertical walls without failure is overcome by forming multiple intermediate shapes before forming the final component, i.e., multi-pass single point incremental forming (MSPIF). A major issue with MSPIF is significant geometric inaccuracy of the formed component, due to the generation of stepped features on the base. This work proposes analytical formulations that are shown to accurately and quantitatively predict the stepped feature formation in MSPIF. Additionally, a relationship is derived among the material constants used in these analytical equations, the yield stress and thickness of the blank material, such that the computational effort required for the calibration of these constants can be minimized. Finally, the physical effects of yield stress and sheet thickness on the rigid body translation are further discussed.     

板材激光弯曲成形数值模拟的研究现状及展望

板材的激光弯曲成形是一种利用高能激光束扫描金属板材表面产生非均匀分布的热应力 ,从而使板材发生塑性变形的金属板材柔性成形新工艺。数值模拟已逐渐成为板材激光弯曲成形研究中的热点内容。综述了近年来国内外对激光弯曲成形过程的温度场及变形场进行数值模拟的研究现状 ,并对其应用范围和发展前景作了展望