大气颗粒物致机体损伤的OH自由基机制

流行病学研究表明可吸入大气颗粒物浓度上升与人群呼吸道和心血管疾病发病率上升密切相关.毒理学实验和人体暴露研究显示可吸入大气颗粒物可导致机体广泛的损伤,但其致毒机制尚未明确.大量体内和体外研究表明了活性氧在颗粒物致毒过程中的重要作用,其中OH自由基具有极高的反应活性,是可吸入颗粒物致毒的重要机制.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,综述了OH自由基可能造成的大分子损伤、大气可吸入颗粒物暴露引发机体产生OH自由基的分子机制以及生物体系中OH自由基的检测手段,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

大气颗粒物物理化学属性致病效应与损伤机制的研究进展

近些年,我国大气颗粒物所带来的健康问题越发突出,由此产生的环境疾病日益引起人们的广泛关注。大量的流行病学和毒理学研究发现,大气颗粒物能引起呼吸系统、心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统等的损伤,造成新生儿出生缺陷,增加罹患癌症的风险,且与人群发病率和死亡率上升有关。但是由于大气颗粒物物化属性比较复杂,一种或几种损伤机制并不能完全解释其与致病效应的关系,因此具体的损伤机制目前还没有统一的说法,大气颗粒物物理化学属性与致病效应的关系仍在探索当中。本文从大气颗粒物的粒径、浓度、比表面积、来源、成分等基本属性入手,剖析其基本特点和可能影响健康的原因,探讨大气颗粒物通过氧化损伤途径诱导致病效应,并结合当前大气颗粒物健康影响研究现状提出在未来研究中应注重的相关内容。     

PCBs暴露ApoE-/-小鼠肝脏的microRNA和mRNA调控网络研究

本研究通过microRNA-mRNA相互作用考察PCBs的基因毒性,探讨PCBs致动脉粥样硬化可能的分子机制.研究使用8周龄ApoE-/-小鼠,腹腔注射PCBs混合物Aroclor1254(55 mg·kg-1体重),暴露6周后获取其肝脏,提取总RNA,获取cDNA或对RNA去磷酸化及特征标记.采用Affymetrix GeneChipMouse Genome430 2.0基因芯片和Agilent Mouse microRNA array芯片,分析Aroclor1254暴露前后mRNAs和miRNAs的差异表达情况.随后,结合Affymetrix mRNA芯片平台,使用IPA软件分析差异表达的miRNAs和mRNAs,揭示Aroclor1254暴露对基因调控网络和信号通路的影响.研究结果显示,Aroclor1254暴露后有18个差异表达的miRNAs能够靶向调控110个差异表达的mRNAs,二者可共同影响糖代谢、脂代谢、细胞死亡、分子运输等生物学功能.进一步考察与动脉粥样硬化发生发展密切相关的糖代谢、脂代谢网络调控,发现miRNA-22、let-7family、miRNA-15a/b,以及靶基因PPARα、PPARγ辅助激活因子1α和Foxo1,在PCBs暴露致动脉粥样硬化发生发展的糖脂代谢异常中发挥了重要作用.     

PM2.5暴露致机体损伤及其机制研究进展

近年来,大气污染日益严重,细颗粒物(PM2.5)作为大气颗粒物的主要成分之一,对人们的日常生活造成了极大的影响,对人类的身体健康更是造成了严重的危害。如今,PM2.5成为了国内外学者的研究热点,深入研究PM2.5对机体的损伤作用及其机制,可为有效预防与治疗人类相关疾病提供理论依据。本文从人群流行病学调查、细胞实验和动物实验三方面回顾PM2.5对呼吸系统、心血管系统、免疫系统和中枢神经系统等机体各系统的损伤作用,其次从氧化应激、炎症反应、免疫紊乱、DNA损伤和遗传毒性、信号通路改变五方面总结归纳PM2.5对机体的损伤机制,并对当前研究中遗留的不足以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨。     

抗性DNA在水土环境中的迁移归趋与水平转移

抗性基因是与抗生素的滥用密切关联的一种新型环境污染物.DNA作为抗性基因的载体,其在环境中的赋存、迁移与水平转移对于环境中抗药性的传播十分重要.基于文献,本文针对与抗药性传播密切关联的各个环节,系统讨论了环境因子对DNA分子的损伤、保护和修复等影响DNA的赋存与归趋的机制,DNA吸附、解吸与迁移等影响其在环境中移动性的机制,以及水平转移等引发细菌产生抗药性的机制.文末提出了值得进一步研究的科学问题.     

农药致慢性细胞毒性及基因毒性机制研究进展

大量流行病学研究和体内、体外检测分析表明,长期低剂量接触农药可以导致人体细胞和分子损伤,诱导细胞凋亡。农药致细胞及DNA损伤的机制主要与DNA加合物的形成、DNA单链和/或双链的断裂有关。此外,氧化应激参与农药致细胞及DNA损伤的过程,可能成为农药致细胞及DNA损伤的促发因素。从总体上看,其具体分子机制还不十分清楚,有待进一步研究。     

农药致慢性细胞毒性及基因毒性机制研究进展

大量流行病学研究和体内、体外检测分析表明,长期低剂量接触农药可以导致人体细胞和分子损伤,诱导细胞凋亡。农药致细胞及DNA损伤的机制主要与DNA加合物的形成、DNA单链和/或双链的断裂有关。此外,氧化应激参与农药致细胞及DNA损伤的过程,可能成为农药致细胞及DNA损伤的促发因素。从总体上看,其具体分子机制还不十分清楚,有待进一步研究。     

镉造成心血管损害毒性机制的研究进展

镉是一种极易在人体内蓄积的有毒元素,长期的生物蓄积和生物放大,会对机体产生一系列的损伤,其中,对心血管系统的损伤包括易造成动脉硬化、高血压和心肌病等.本文将镉在心血管损伤方面的毒作用的研究进展进行了总结,包括镉对心血管的氧化损伤,对心血管粘附因子的破坏,对心血管内皮细胞的功能和DNA损伤修复机制的破坏,以及对心血管内皮...     

细颗粒物的免疫毒性研究进展

近年来,我国机动车数目迅猛增加及以煤炭为主的能源消耗大幅攀升,区域灰霾现象频发,细颗粒物的环境空气污染问题日益凸显.细颗粒物由于其成分、粒径与来源等的多样性,对健康的影响更为严重和复杂.细颗粒物可通过破坏组织屏障、损伤免疫细胞、调节细胞因子的分泌等方式影响免疫系统的功能,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展密切相关,但其致病机制尚未阐明.本文对细颗粒物致人体的免疫毒性效应及其可能机制进行综述,并提出今后开展此类研究的建议.     

系统毒理学及其应用

系统毒理学是近5年来发展起来的一门新兴学科,代表着后基因组时代毒理学发展的新方向.所谓系统毒理学是指通过了解机体暴露后在不同剂量、不同时点的基因表达谱、蛋白质谱和代谢物谱的改变以及传统毒理学的研究参数,借助生物信息学和计算毒理学技术对其进行整合,从而系统地研究外源性化学物和环境应激等与机体相互作用的一门学科.系统毒理学有望在阐明毒物对机体损伤分子机制、分子生物标志物和危险度评价等方面取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,综述了系统毒理学的诞生背景、研究策略、研究技术及其主要应用.尽管还有不足之处,但可以肯定系统毒理学的发展和应用将会对人类的环境与健康研究产生极大的推动作用.     

MicroRNA:POPs诱导动脉粥样硬化的潜在调控者

目前动脉粥样硬化在全世界以惊人的速度增长,成为21世纪公共健康的严重挑战。持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)具有生物富集性和持久性,可通过各种环境介质对人体健康产生危害。研究表明POPs能够改变基因表达,加速动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,因而POPs被认为是动脉粥样硬化的致病风险因素之一。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是生物进化过程中高度保守的一组非编码小分子RNA,在转录后水平调节基因的表达。miRNAs的差异表达涉及一系列疾病的生理和病理过程。有证据显示,POPs能够引起生物体内miRNAs的表达紊乱,从而引起基因的差异表达。大量文献报道也显示miRNAs在动脉粥样硬化中起重要作用。因此,POPs可能通过miRNA的潜在调控从而导致动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。     

天然产物柯里拉京防治心血管疾病的药理效用概述

柯里拉京(corilagin)是一种可以从许多植物提取的水溶性逆没食子酸鞣质.传统的天然药物应用史提示柯里拉京对慢性心血管疾病有较好的防治作用.近年来的研究表明,柯里拉京在防治血液凝固、血栓形成、高血压和动脉粥样硬化等方面有一定作用.另外,柯里拉京对某些肿瘤和病毒有抑制作用,毒性也很低.参29.     

Effect of hydrogen sulfide in comparison to atorvastatin on endothelial damage in cholesterol-fed rabbits

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous gaseous molecule, functioning as a physiological regulator. This study aimed to investigate the role of H₂S in atherosclerosis. Rabbits receiving high cholesterol were given atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, orally) or sodium sulfide (1.1 mg/kg/day, intramuscular) 2 weeks after commencement of high-cholesterol diet and continued for 4 weeks. Serum lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation indexed as malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, the vascular adhesion molecule-1, and aortic vascular endothelial growth factor were determined. Rabbits receiving a high-cholesterol diet showed elevated levels of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde and vascular adhesion molecule-1, and aortic vascular endothelial growth factor expression and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. Treatment with atorvastatin and sodium sulfide has beneficial effects on serum lipid profile, oxidative damage, vascular adhesion molecule-1, and aortic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor.     

宝天曼木本植物群落数量排序与环境解释

研究选取14个分别代表植被群落、地形因子、土壤因子的指标,利用宝天曼自然保护区32块样地资料,研究了物种分布与环境之间关系。采用DCCA法可将该地区木本植物群落划分为3个类型;物种与9个环境因子之间存在显著的相关关系,前4轴可解释物种总变异的94.1%;海拔、坡度、土壤含水量、坡向是影响该地区物种分布的主要因子,其中海拔是指示物种分布变化的最敏感因子。不同指标集团的典型相关分析结果表明：地形与植被因子之间、土壤因子与植被因子之间第1对典范相关系数分别为0.712和0.783,存在着显著的相关关系,影响植被特征的最重要地形因子是海拔和坡度,土壤因子为土壤厚度和土壤含水量,而对地形和土壤反应最敏感的植被指标分别为林分密度和平均树高,群落分布状态是由地形和土壤因子共同作用所控制的。     

昆虫病毒增效蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是专化性很强的一类双链ＤＮＡ病毒,主要感染无脊椎动物,特别是鳞翅目昆虫．杆状病毒科又分为３个亚组：核型多角体病毒ＮＰＶ（Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）、颗粒体病毒ＧＶ（Ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）和非包涵体型杆状病毒（...     

Assessing environmental factors in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA: From conceptual model, envirogram, to simulation model

This study provides a method for assessing a multiplicity of environmental factors in red spruce growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) of Southeastern USA. Direct and indirect factors in the annual growth increment are first organized into a schematic input-output envirogram (ARIRS), and this information is then used to construct a simulation model (ARIM). The envirogram represents a structured conceptualization of most environmental factors involved in growth, as developed from relevant literature. This interdisciplinary synthesis distinguishes direct vs. indirect factors in growth and takes account of the systems ecology concept that indirect factors may be as important as or more important than direct ones in regulating growth. The ARIRS envirogram summarizes hierarchically organized, within- and cross-scale, local-to-global interactions, and its construction makes it obvious that growth is influenced by many cross-scale spatiotemporal interactions. More research on genecology is still needed to clarify the role of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive capacity in nutrient cycling, global change, and human disturbance.     

Identifying factors that influence soil heavy metals by using categorical regression analysis: A case study in Beijing,China

A method was proposed to identify the main influence factors of soil heavy metals. The influence degree of different environmental factors was ranked. Parent material, soil type, land use and industrial activity were main factors. Interactions between some factors obviously affected soil heavy metal distribution. Identifying the factors that influence the heavy metal contents of soil could reveal the sources of soil heavy metal pollution. In this study, a categorical regression was used to identify the factors that influence soil heavy metals. First, environmental factors were associated with soil heavy metal data, and then, the degree of influence of different factors on the soil heavy metal contents in Beijing was analyzed using a categorical regression. The results showed that the soil parent material, soil type, land use type, and industrial activity were the main influencing factors, which suggested that these four factors were important sources of soil heavy metals in Beijing. In addition, population density had a certain influence on the soil Pb and Zn contents. The distribution of soil As, Cd, Pb, and Zn was markedly influenced by interactions, such as traffic activity and land use type, industrial activity and population density. The spatial distribution of soil heavy metal hotspots corresponded well with the influencing factors, such as industrial activity, population density, and soil parent material. In this study, the main factors affecting soil heavy metals were identified, and the degree of their influence was ranked. A categorical regression represents a suitable method for identifying the factors that influence soil heavy metal contents and could be used to study the genetic process of regional soil heavy metal pollution.     

山西芦芽山旅游影响因子及其系数与地理因子间的关系

旅游影响因子及其系数是评价旅游开发对生态环境影响程度的一种主要指标。本文采用样方调查的方法，对芦芽山旅游影响因子及其系数与地理因子进行了相关分析，结果表明：6个旅游影响因子之间的正负相关性均很好地体现了旅游活动对各因子影响的规律性，同时也说明了旅游影响因子的选择与确定以及对其赋值的正确性，旅游影响因子及其系数与自然地理因子间较小的正负相关性，说明它们几乎不受自然地理因子的作用，它们共同作用为评价旅游开发程度强弱的指标，具有一定的可行性，旅游影响因子及其系数与人文地理因子间的高相关性，完全可以说明，它们能够正确地反映旅游活动对植被环境的作用。此外，加强景区管理和旅游规划尤为迫切，图2表4参8。     

Efficient and equitable design of marine protected areas in Fiji through inclusion of stakeholder‐specific objectives in conservation planning

The efficacy of protected areas varies, partly because socioeconomic factors are not sufficiently considered in planning and management. Although integrating socioeconomic factors into systematic conservation planning is increasingly advocated, research is needed to progress from recognition of these factors to incorporating them effectively in spatial prioritization of protected areas. We evaluated 2 key aspects of incorporating socioeconomic factors into spatial prioritization: treatment of socioeconomic factors as costs or objectives and treatment of stakeholders as a single group or multiple groups. Using as a case study the design of a system of no‐take marine protected areas (MPAs) in Kubulau, Fiji, we assessed how these aspects affected the configuration of no‐take MPAs in terms of trade‐offs between biodiversity objectives, fisheries objectives, and equity in catch losses among fisher stakeholder groups. The achievement of fisheries objectives and equity tended to trade‐off concavely with increasing biodiversity objectives, indicating that it is possible to achieve low to mid‐range biodiversity objectives with relatively small losses to fisheries and equity. Importantly, the extent of trade‐offs depended on the method used to incorporate socioeconomic data and was least severe when objectives were set for each fisher stakeholder group explicitly. We found that using different methods to incorporate socioeconomic factors that require similar data and expertise can result in plans with very different impacts on local stakeholders.