开封市城市土壤剖面Hg、As和Sb分布特征分析

为了分析开封市不同土地利用类型下重金属Hg、As和Sb的积累状况及其垂直分布特征,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了开封市55个城区土壤剖面和4个对照剖面共计303个土壤样品中,Hg、As和Sb的含量.结果表明:(1)城区土壤Hg、As和Sb含量明显高于对照土壤,城市土壤中Hg、As和Sb的平均含量分别为0.28、6.52、1.46 mg·kg~(-1).与中国潮土背景值相比,Hg和Sb受到了不同程度的污染;(2)由于成土母质组成、城市建设过程以及各种人为污染叠加的综合作用,开封市城市土壤中Hg、As和Sb的分布特征比较复杂,不同剖面重金属垂直分布特征变异较大;(3)城市不同土地利用类型下重金属含量存在显著差异,其中Hg在公共管理与服务用地和住宅用地上含量较高,As和Sb的高值区位于工矿仓储用地和交通运输用地.     

水稻土团聚体中Cu~(2+)的解吸动力学特征

用磁力搅拌法和平衡吸附法研究了水稻土的原土和团聚体颗粒吸附态Cu2+的解吸动力学特征.结果表明,原土和团聚体颗粒Cu2+的解吸率大小顺序为粗粉砂级粉砂级原土砂粒级粘粒级,与其有机质、游离氧化铁、氧化铝含量大小顺序相反.Cu2+解吸过程可分为快、慢两个解吸阶段,快解吸阶段属于非专性吸附态Cu2+的解吸,慢解吸阶段属于专性吸附松结合态Cu2+的解吸.用一级动力学方程、E lovich方程和双常数方程模拟Cu2+的解吸过程,相关性均达显著水平.磨细后的原土Cu2+的解吸速率和解吸进度均大于4个粒组团聚体颗粒.Cu2+的解吸速率和解吸量与土壤表面Cu2+的吸附形态有关.     

无机阴离子对镉、铅解吸特性的影响

土壤中重金属的解吸直接影响重金属在环境中的形态转化和植物有效性.而地表水环境及土壤中的无机阴离子能与重金属离子络合,影响重金属在环境中的迁移和作物的吸收.因此,有关无机阴离子对重金属解吸特性影响的研究,将有利于了解重金属的吸附-解吸机制及其控制措施.文章以我国东北地区草甸棕壤作为研究对象,采用静态解吸实验研究无机阴离子(C1-、SO42-、F-)对土壤中镉、铅的解吸行为的影响.结果表明,土壤中镉、铅的解吸率与无机阴离子类型、浓度密切相关;随着解吸液中无机阴离子(C1-、SO42-、F-)浓度的增大,土壤镉、铅的解吸率随之提高.C1-、SO42-、F-这3种无机阴离子对解吸土壤中镉的影响力顺序是:C1- > SO42- > F-;对解吸土壤中铅的影响力顺序是:SO42- >C1- > F-.     

长三角和珠三角农业土壤对Pb、Cu、Cd的吸附解吸特性

研究了长江三角州和珠江三角州10种代表性农业土壤对重金属Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明:大多数土壤对重金属有较强吸附能力,土壤性质对重金属吸附与解吸行为有很大影响。其中,pH值是影响土壤对重金属吸附与解吸的最重要因素,土壤重金属吸附量随pH值增加而增加。土壤pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较高的土壤(如乌栅土、青紫泥田、黄斑田),其对重金属吸附能力高于pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较低的土壤(如黄筋泥、粉泥田)。重金属解吸量随重金属吸附量和土壤重金属饱和度增加呈指数增加趋势;土壤对重金属的吸附能力从强至弱依次为Pb、Cu、Cd;当3种重金属共存时,重金属之间竞争能力强弱顺序与吸附能力顺序相同。重金属之间竞争作用随土壤酸度和重金属污染程度的增加而增强。     

土壤环境中重金属元素的相互作用及其对吸持特性的影响

本文用正交试验法研究了Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn、As五种元素复合作用时土壤颗粒的吸附解吸特性.结果表明:供试元素的吸附过程均符合Langmiur方程,其吸持能力依次为Pb>As>Cu>Zn>Cd,而最大吸附量顺序正好相反.Cd,As为复合污染的主要因子,同时还显著地影响其它元素的吸附解吸过程.土壤对重金属元素的吸附和解吸量不仅与平衡溶液中元素浓度有关,而且还明显地受共存元素及其交互作用的影响,交互作用的结果与元素间的相对浓度及其比例有关.AsO_4~(3-)的存在使Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的吸附解吸过程变得极为复杂,这可能与产生重金属盐沉淀和次级吸附和解吸有关.     

壳聚糖对污染土壤中吸附态Pb（Ⅱ）的解吸作用

土壤中重金属的吸附-解吸直接影响重金属在土壤及其生态环境中的形态转化、迁移和归趋.利用螯合剂促进普通植物富集吸收土壤中重金属是一种新的土壤组合修复技术, 向污染土壤中施用螯合剂可增加土壤溶液金属的浓度和活度,有利于金属到根部而被植物吸收.通过吸附等温实验研究了壳聚糖对污染土壤中铅的解吸作用.将壳聚糖提取液加入含Pb土壤中结果表明,壳聚糖螯合剂能提高土壤中吸附态铅的解吸效率,增加解吸溶液中Pb2 的浓度.壳聚糖对污染土壤中铅的解吸作用随着壳聚糖加入量的增大而增大,用浓度为0.4 g·L-1的90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖做提取液,提取液pH＝3,提取平衡时间10 h达到最高提取率32.4%,该吸附过程遵从Langmuir等温吸附方程; 土柱淋溶实验表明壳聚糖对污染土壤中Pb2 的提取率为27.4%.研究结果为铅在环境中的迁移转化和治理技术等方面的实际应用提供有价值的参考.     

酸雨对长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤中锌解吸的影响

近年来酸雨危害频繁发生,特别是长江三角洲地区,酸雨致使土壤中重金属锌的吸附和解吸发生了一定的变化。选取具有代表性的长江三角洲地区4种典型土壤,通过加入外源重金属锌培育污染土样,在不同pH的酸雨下对已污染土样进行解吸。通过实验探究土壤母质对于重金属锌的吸附及解吸的特点,为国家制定土壤标准提供可靠的数据支持。结果表明：土壤中锌的解吸量随着pH的降低而增加;比较不同母质发育而成的土壤,在pH=4.0、5.6模拟已污染土壤中锌的解吸量顺序为：沟沟堆积母质〉湖相沉积物母质〉河相沉积物母质〉海相沉积物母质。在pH=2.0、3.0时,河相沉积物母质、湖相沉积物母质解吸量迅速增加,超过海相沉积物母质锌的解吸量。     

干旱区绿洲灌漠土Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附解吸特征

土壤重金属吸附解吸是影响土壤系统中重金属移动性和归宿的主要过程,影响重金属的生物有效性以及重金属在食物链中的传递等.配制一系列不同浓度的重金属,灌漠土对重金属溶液进行吸附实验24 h以达到平衡,再用硝酸铵和乙酸铵进行解吸实验24 h以达到平衡.利用热力学吸附平衡法,对西北干旱区绿洲灌漠土重金属Cu、Ni和Pb的吸附解吸行为进行序批实验研究.实验结果表明:(1)灰漠土在常温下对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附模式,灰漠土对重金属铜、锌和铅的吸附能力由强到弱的顺序为:铅,铜,锌.(2)硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属的量与灰漠土吸附重金属量呈现出线性正相关,乙酸铵解吸重金属的量比硝酸铵解吸重金属的量大,两种解吸剂对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的解吸能力由大到小的顺序都为:铜,锌,铅,说明了一般外源的铜、锌和铅进入土壤以后,铜和锌可能比铅容易向四周转移.(3)硝酸铵和乙酸铵的解吸率呈谷形曲线,开始时硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属量的百分比随灰漠土吸附重金属量的增加而减小,在吸附量达到某一特定值时,解吸率随吸附量的增加而增加.灰漠土对铜、锌和铅的吸附作用以专性吸附为主,被灰漠土吸附的铜、锌和铅重金属离子较难解吸.     

三江平原湿地土壤磷的吸附与解吸研究

采用恒温培养法研究了三江平原典型沼泽湿地表层土壤中磷的吸附与解吸行为及其动力学过程。结果表明:湿地土壤对磷的自然释放量有限(1.89～13.25mg·kg-1),对磷酸盐具有较强的吸附能力,吸附量与土壤本身理化性质及水中磷酸盐初始质量浓度有关,其吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)在0.034~0.161mg·L-1之间。研究区域湿地表层土壤磷的吸附解吸特征趋于一致,吸附过程表现为快慢两种反应。六种动力学方程都能很好的拟合土壤磷吸附动力学过程,其中以langmuir型方程的拟合性最好,Evolich方程次之。     

土壤中铅的吸附-解吸行为研究进展

铅是重要的土壤重金属污染元素之一，了解铅在土壤中的物理化学行为，有利于预防和修复土壤的铅污染。土壤中铅的吸附-解吸行为，依吸附机理的不同，分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。土壤铅吸附的机理还存在不同的观点，如水解吸附／非水解吸附机理，单分子吸附／双分子吸附机理等。影响土壤中铅吸附-解吸行为的主要因素，有土壤矿物组成、土壤有机质、pH、温度、竞争离子等。文章最后对描述土壤铅吸附过程的主要数学方程(Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程)作了论述。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.