海外石油项目环境合规性规范体系研究

海外石油项目的环境合规性管理意义重大，环境合规性管理的关键问题是识别合适的规范体系。 从法学理论分析，资源国法律及其批准的国际公约、投资开发协议所要求的法律法规、金融机构的融资担保合 同中所要求的法律法规、投资母国的法律规范构成了对海外石油项目的硬法约束；国际组织通过约束跨国公司行为的协定指南、企业加入的自愿性承诺、国际行业标准以及被视为最佳实践和惯例的标准导则构成了软法约束。文章结合多个国际大石油公司的环境合规性实践分析，认为在实际管理中，可以根据规范来源与效力、企业追求目标等因素将上述规范区分为核心规范和其他规范，其中核心规范进一步区分为必选规范和可选规范。     

浅析高端市场EPC项目HSE管理

文章介绍了阿布扎比原油管线项目的基本概况,阐述了高端市场HSE管理的特点和要求,通过阿布扎比原油管线项目HSE管理过程的实践,项目执行过程中遇到的HSE管理问题,分析国内项目HSE管理与项目业主要求的区别,找到解决问题的办法,满足高端市场HSE管理要求。通过管理实践,总结出"在遵守当地法律法规和国际惯例的框架内,以人才为战略,开展国际标准培训,实施HSE专业化管理模式"的高端市场EPC项目HSE管理经验,为企业国际EPC项目的HSE管理提供参考。     

浅析哈萨克斯坦共和国HSE法规要求及对策

在海外开展石油工程建设时,健康安全环保(HSE)管理人员往往按照原有国内经验或者HSE体系要求进行管理,而忽视了当地法规要求。在哈萨克斯坦共和国(以下简称哈国),中方HSE管理人员将面临着较大考验,因为哈国本身法规体系比较健全,政府执法也相对严格,如果不熟悉当地法律法规而发生违规行为,可能会被当地政府巨额罚款或者提起诉讼,从而严重干扰正常生产经营活动。文章就哈国HSE法规体系做一些探讨,对安全生产法规、消防法规、环境保护法规、健康管理法规进行介绍,并提出了有关对策和措施,希望能对后来者有所借鉴。     

新《环境保护法》对油气管道建设周期与投资的影响

新《环境保护法》实施对于项目建设和投资并未提出新的要求,但程序更加规范、执法愈发严格,对项目建设周期及投资产生了一定的影响。对油气管道项目而言,主要体现在:生态红线划定、环评技术要求高等对项目建设周期的影响;环境应急预案备案要求对项目竣工环保验收的影响;长输管道压气站氮氧化物排放控制、应急物资储备要求增加了项目建设投资。针对新《环境保护法》实施后项目建设存在的问题,提出开展项目前置环境影响评价、公开生态红线信息、制定油气管道环境影响评价导则、编制油气管道应急物资配备行业标准或规范等建议。     

农业非点源控制的美国经验借鉴

我国的农业非点源污染治理正处于攻坚期,但部分政策一定程度上缺少具体执行标准和规范,难以执行到位,法律法规碎片化、分散且难以评估执行效果。本文从美国治理非点源的国际经验出发,梳理了联邦层面的法律法规、农业环境管理机构的运作形式以及州层面流域管理规划和非点源控制计划。最后,根据国际经验提出了如下建议:一是建议要求各省在农业规划中加入推进农业流域治理清单;二是建议制定流域地表水质达标规划,实现点源与非点源联合管理;三是建议形成最佳管理实践规范技术指南,并对执行者进行相应补贴,形成监管机制;四是建议建立农业绿色补贴制度,鼓励地方形成可持续的农业发展机制。     

关于加强建设项目环境影响评价分级审批的通知

环发〔2 0 0 4〕164号各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市环境保护局 (厅 )、发展和改革委 ,解放军环境保护局 ,新疆生产建设兵团环境保护局 :为适应社会主义市场经济和国家投资体制改革的需要 ,进一步规范建设项目环境影响评价分级审批管理 ,提高办事效率 ,根据《国务院关于投资体制改革的决定》 ,结合建设项目环境保护工作实际 ,现就建设项目环境影响评价分级审批的有关要求通知如下 :一、建设对环境有影响的项目 ,不论投资主体、资金来源、项目性质和投资规模 ,应当依照《环境影响评价法》和《建设项目环境保护管理条例》的规定 ,进行环境…     

我国石油工业可持续发展法律制度的构建

石油作为"工业的血液"在社会生产生活的各个环节都起着不可或缺的作用,石油工业的可持续发展无疑是实现可持续发展战略的关键,但目前我国石油工业的可持续发展法律制度还不足以实现石油工业的可持续发展.为此,应建立以可持续发展为基本原则的法律制度体系,围绕环境、经济和社会的可持续发展,完善环境影响评价制度,建立资源区生态补偿制度,落实企业可持续发展报告制度,制定石油行业的HSE法律法规.     

油气田开发新面临的环境风险及对策措施

《中华人民共和国环境保护法》(简称新《环保法》)实施以来,在国家环保监管力度加强、相关法律法规深入实施的背景下,探讨我国油气田企业所面临的新的环境风险。指出近两年生态红线保护的法律要求及环境风险监管要求;分析了油气田开发过程中的地下水环境风险,所面临的新的监管形势及其管理的缺失;阐述了建设项目环境保护监管更加严格;从页岩气开发主要环境风险及其面临的环境保护形势指出页岩气开发环境风险引起关注。从以上四个方面提出相应的对策措施。     

我国基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现调查研究——基于文本分析方法

环境、社会和治理（ESG）能给基础设施建设投资规制带来新理念,但是我国现行政策和项目中的ESG表现情况尚不清楚,有必要开展调查研究。本研究以规制政策和项目报告为研究对象,采用文本分析方法,对我国基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现进行调查研究。研究发现：(1)规制政策和项目报告中均已有一定程度的有关ESG表现方面的内容,但三个维度之间存在丰富性和完备性等方面的差异;(2)环境影响规制政策最完备,社会影响规制涉及安全评估、职业健康预评价等议题,其他议题未在文本中提及,项目治理规制政策数量最多,展现了我国自主的投资项目治理体系;(3)项目报告中的环境影响责任目标和措施相对完善,社会影响责任目标和措施则因项目和所处情境而异,项目治理责任目标和措施更多体现合规性要求,缺乏项目管理人自主动机。本研究提供了基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现调查情况,为我国以公共投资为主导的基础设施领域引入国际流行投资理念提供了决策依据。     

我国环境保护法体系简介

为协调人类与环境的关系,保护和改善环境,进而保护人民健康,保障经济社会持续、稳定地发展,国家制定了一系列的环境保护的法律法规。这一系列环境保护的法律法规,构成了我国环境保护法的基本体系,为我国公民在环境保护方面的行为作出了规范,并使我国的环境保护纳入了法制化的轨道。我国现在已经基本形成了一整套环境保护法律体系。 一、宪法 　　宪法是我国的根本大法,是我国环境保护法的立法依据,是我国环境保护法体系的基石。在宪法中有一系列关于环境保护的规定,如第九条第二款规定：“国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵…     

Capturing Old-Growth Values for Use in Forest Decision-Making

Old-growth forests have declined significantly across the world. Decisions related to old growth are often mired in challenges of value diversity, conflict, data gaps, and resource pressures. This article describes old-growth values of citizens and groups in Nova Scotia, Canada, for integration in sustainable forest management (SFM) decision-making. The study is based on data from 76 research subjects who participated in nine field trips to forest stands. Research subjects were drawn from Aboriginal groups, environmental organizations, forestry professionals, and rural and urban publics. Diaries, group discussions, and rating sheets were used to elicit information during the field trips. Findings show that different elicitation techniques can influence the articulation of intensity with which some values are held. In addition, certain values are more often associated with old-growth than with other forest-age classes. Some values associated with old-growth are considered more important than others, and some silvicultural treatments are perceived to compromise old-growth values more than others. Demographic characteristics, such as constituency group, gender, and age, are shown to influence value priorities. Ideas on how to incorporate old-growth values into SFM decision-making are highlighted.     

Women and natural resource management: Illustrations from India and Nepal

This article attempts to delineate women's roles in natural resource management by highlighting their roles in management of water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. The article is based on the findings of case studies in rural areas of India and Nepal done during 2003 and 2004 by the author as well as by other researchers. Taking women as primary respondents, empirical work used participatory techniques, such as in‐depth surveys, focus group discussions and participant observation. Findings suggest that women clearly outdo men in terms of their involvement in use and management of all the studied sectors, i.e., water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. Yet, they face categorical exclusion and denial of equal sharing of benefits from natural resources. In order to ensure sustainable use of these resources, the article recommends that policy makers, planners and development workers must have a better understanding of the relative and often shifting roles of men and women in natural resource management, including division of labour, access to resources, decision‐making and traditional knowledge and practices. The article concludes with sector‐specific recommendations.     

Seasonal influences on inorganic anion monitoring of the New Calabar River,Nigeria

The inorganic anion pollution of the New Calabar River surface water was investigated. Results showed seasonal variations in the inorganic anion levels. Water parameters such as sulfite, nitrate, phosphate, and alkalinity showed significantly higher values in the rainy season than in the dry season. Dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfide, sulfate, ammonia, and nitrite showed no significant differences between their rainy and dry season levels. Upstream-downstream changes were shown by conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, salinity, and temperature. Exceptions occurred in the nitrite levels, where the effect was minimal. Although the concentrations of some anions analyzed fell within internationally acceptable limits, the New Calabar River water is, in the main, polluted with inorganic anions and may be unacceptable for potable and industrial uses without treatment.     

The characterization of total and leachable metals in foundry molding sands

Waste molding sands from the foundry industry have been successfully used as a component in manufactured soils, but concern over metal contamination must be addressed before many states will consider this beneficial use. Since there is little data available on this topic, the purpose of this study was to characterize total and leachable metals from waste molding sands. A total elemental analysis for Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn was conducted on 36 clay-bonded and seven chemically bonded molding sands. Total metal concentrations in the molding sands were similar to those found in agricultural soils. The leaching of metals (i.e. Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) was assessed via the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and ASTM water leach test. Based on the TCLP data, none of the 43 molding sands would meet the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) characteristic for toxicity due to high Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Compared to the TCLP results, the metal concentrations were generally lower in the SPLP and ASTM extracts, which is likely related to the buffering capacity of the extraction fluids.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: A review

Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades. Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing. Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental variables including off-site values. Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training. We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。     

USING TECHNICAL ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR URBAN INSTREAM STRUCTURES1

ABSTRACT: Adaptive management is a heuristic approach to treating stream restoration projects as continuous, cyclic experiments, yielding results to be incorporated into future decisions. This comprehensive assessment views failures as surprises that are valuable lessons. Monitoring, evaluation of data, and communication of results are critical; the monitoring results trigger feedback mechanisms to invoke adaptation to the newly acquired information and communication of new hypotheses, treatments, or policies. The principles of adaptive management were applied to a monitoring study of three urban stream restoration sites in Maryland. Data were collected and evaluated for various restoration techniques, including vanes, cross vanes, step pools, root wads, imbricated riprap walls, and coir fiber rolls. Improvements to the existing Maryland design guidelines and policies were developed as the feedback mechanism. With the increasing application of adaptive management in stream restoration efforts, it is likely that repeated failures will be prevented and future restoration projects will be more successful in achieving their goals.     

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management1

Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale.     

The U.S. Flood Control Program at 75: Environmental Issues1

Black, Peter E., 2012. The U.S. Flood Control Program at 75: Environmental Issues. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 244‐255. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00609.x Abstract: Recent, recurring, and increased magnitude floods adversely challenge long‐held and erroneous concepts of flood control. This article focuses on the environmental issues with comprehensively reviewed essentials of the United States (U.S.) riverine Flood Control Program, including news reports, scientific articles, books, and landmark treatises. For the past three‐quarters of a century, U.S. floods have continued (and will continue) to occur, causing increasing property damage with growing fiscal loss. Reasons include inattention to fundamental principles of physics, hydrology, and ecology. There are also important challenges involving environmental policy, economics, and common sense. Measures afforded by the existing program encourage and enable investment in floodplains while violating a variety of natural principles that make the situation worse. This detailed review includes the questionable (actually untrue) justification in the document‐setting policy for the 1936 Omnibus Flood Control Act. The well‐documented evidence is overwhelming. An alternative approach is presented that would enable and celebrate natural floods, managing their ecological and hydrological values, and not attempting to control them.