山阴地区高砷饮用水处理技术

通过对山西省山阴县高砷地下水分布和污染程度的实地调查,对高砷水环境中砷的形态及富集转化规律进行了研究,并在此基础上形成一套以曝气氧化和加药(加入FeCl2和FeCl3的混合物作为混凝剂)过滤工艺为基础的联合水处理方法.结果表明,在山阴县砷污染严重的地段,地下水的氧化还原电位Eh为-50～142 mV,pH值为8.28～8.73,这种Eh下降、pH升高的地下环境给高砷地下水的形成创造了条件.当地下水中ρ(硫化氢)<140μg·L-1时,用功率为5 W的松宝SB-648双头氧气泵连续曝气1.5 h即可达到基本去除的效果.以25 m深处地下水为例,其ρ(As)为275 μg·L-1,待硫化氢去除后在水中加入摩尔比n(FeCl2):n(FeCl3)=1:1的混合物,连续曝气5 h,水体中60%以上的As(Ⅲ)可转变为As(V).经投加药品和曝气氧化处理后的地下水若能及时通过简易过滤装置,过滤后的水体中ρ(As)仅为5～8 μg·L-1,达到GB 5749-2006<活饮用水卫生标准>,且过滤后的水体中ρ(Fe)为0.03 mg·L-1,远小于GB/T 14848-93<地下水水质标准>规定的Ⅰ类标准.该水处理方法可快速有效地将As(Ⅲ)转化为As(V),并使As(V)与混凝剂发生吸附共沉淀反应,从而达到高效除砷的效果.过滤过程则可以防止氢氧化物胶体与砷酸盐形成的絮体二次进入环境,同时进一步降低水体中铁离子含量.该方法适用于我国广大高砷水地区家庭分散式供水的处理.     

反应条件对零价铁去除As(Ⅲ)动力学的影响

考察了摇床转速、Fe0粒径、溶液pH、溶解氧以及背景电解质等条件对Fe0去除As(Ⅲ)速率的影响,并探讨了不同影响因素下的作用机制.结果显示,转速高于100 r·min-1时,Fe0腐蚀速率明显加快,As(Ⅲ)去除速率提高,在50 r·min-1时,Fe0腐蚀速率和As(Ⅲ)去除速率接近静止状态;Fe0粒径显著地影响A...     

Fenton试剂氧化法修复2,4-二氯酚污染土壤的研究

在泥浆体系中采用Fenton试剂氧化法修复2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)污染的土壤.在恒温、避光条件下,研究2,4-DCP在泥浆体系中的解吸作用,并考察过氧化氢、硫酸亚铁、pH值、水土比、磷酸二氢钾、腐殖酸(HA)等因素对2,4-二氯酚去除效率的影响.试验结果显示,2,4-DCP在泥浆体系中有较高的解吸速率;2,4-DCP的解吸效率与水土比有关,水土比越大,解吸效率越高.研究表明:Fenton试剂氧化法能够有效地去除土壤中的2,4-DCP,过氧化氢和铁的最佳质量比为5:1,最佳pH值范围为2-3;水土比越大,2,4-DCP的去除效果越好;在pH=3时,磷酸二氢钾浓度、腐殖酸投加量和催化剂种类对2,4-DCP的去除效率影响很小.     

腐殖酸对As(V)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响

对腐殖酸(HA)进行了成分分析及红外表征,并从HA浓度、pH值、As(Ⅴ)初始浓度等方面,研究了HA对As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响.结果表明,随着HA浓度的升高,总砷去除率逐渐降低.当HA浓度增加到25mg.l-1时,与不存在HA条件下相比,总砷去除率降低了12%左右.溶液pH值影响As(Ⅴ)的去除,pH值从6升高到8时,总砷去除率从52.1%降到了39%.其中的作用机理主要是HA与As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂表面形成竞争吸附,HA争夺了As(Ⅴ)的吸附点位.此外,HA与Fe(Ⅲ)的络合作用也是导致覆铁砂对砷的去除率降低的一个重要原因.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂CSAX除铜、除浊性能研究

研究高分子重金属絮凝剂交联淀粉-接枝丙烯酰胺-共聚黄原酸钠(CSAX)的除铜、除浊性能及其影响因素,并与不溶性淀粉丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(ISA)、不溶性淀粉黄原酸钠(ISX)两种水处理剂进行了比较,结果表明:(1)CSAX兼具ISA和ISX的优点,具有很好的除铜、除浊性能;(2)该絮凝剂对铜的去除具有一定的化学计量关系;(3)pH值对Cu2 的去除有一定的影响,在pH2.0-5.O时,相同投药量下,pH值愈高,Cu2 的去除率愈高;(4)Na ,Mg2 和Ca2 对Cu2 的去除有一定的促进作用;Fe3 在pH值较低时会抑制Cu2 的去除,pH值高时会促进Cu2 的去除;(5)致浊物质的存在可以促进Cu2 的去除.     

浮石负载纳米零价铁去除水相中的砷(Ⅴ)

废水中的砷是最具毒性的环境污染物之一.为了更好地利用纳米零价铁(Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron,NZVI)修复水体污染,本文进行了浮石负载NZVI去除水相中As(Ⅴ)的研究.利用环境扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对浮石负载纳米零价铁(P-NZVI)的形态和粒度进行表征分析,根据批试验和间歇试验探究反应条件对去除效果的影响,并通过对照P-NZVI与As(Ⅴ)溶液反应前后的样品的X射线光电子能谱(XPS),结合XPS Fe2p和XPS As3d窄轨道图谱,探讨P-NZVI对水相中As(Ⅴ)的去除机理.研究结果表明,制备所得NZVI颗粒平均粒径30.6 nm,分散在浮石表面.利用BET-N2法检测得到P-NZVI的比表面积为32.2 m~2·g~(-1)(NZVI含量0.28 g,质量比7.7%).P-NZVI对As(Ⅴ)的去除率随初始pH值、反应温度、As(Ⅴ)初始质量浓度的升高而降低,反应符合准一级和准二级动力学方程.初始As(Ⅴ)浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)时,P-NZVI的平衡时吸附量为35.7 mg·g~(-1).P-NZVI对As(Ⅴ)的去除机理包括吸附、沉淀和共沉淀作用.     

零价铁/炭去除水中的As(Ⅴ)

将零价铁(ZVI)分别与活性炭,石墨,碳纤维和碳纳米管按照质量比10:1组成电偶腐蚀体系用于水中As(Ⅴ)去除,结果显示零价铁/活性炭组合的去除效果略高于其它组合.XRD测试表明,组合体系中零价铁腐蚀的主要反应产物为纤铁矿,磁铁矿/磁赤铁矿.对零价铁阳极/活性炭阴极不同质量比例的研究表明,1:1时效果最佳.随着电解质浓度升高,As(Ⅴ)去除效率增大,在0.03 mol·1-1 NaCl电解质条件下,初始As(Ⅴ)为5 mg·1-1时,零价铁/活性炭组合与As(Ⅴ)反应2.5 h后,As(Ⅴ)的去除率达到100%.SO2-4,NO-3,CO2-3,SiO4-4,PO3-4等共存阴离子,以及腐殖酸对零价铁/活性炭组合去除As(Ⅴ)影响的研究结果表明,CO2-3,PO3-4和腐殖酸对As(Ⅴ)的去除效率影响不大,SiO4-4具有一定的抑制作用,相反,SO2-4和NO-3表现为明显的促进作用.     

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾降解吲哚美辛的动力学分析

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾(Fe(Ⅵ))对吲哚美辛(IDM)的降解,考察了Fe(Ⅵ)投加量、IDM初始浓度、溶液pH值、温度等因素对IDM降解速率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe(Ⅵ)可以有效地去除饮用水中的IDM,当Fe(Ⅵ)投加量为0.3 mmol·L~(-1),溶液pH值为7,温度为25℃时,反应20 min后IDM的去除率达到95%,其反应过程符合准一级反应动力学模型;准一级动力学常数与Fe(Ⅵ)的投加量正相关,与IDM的初始浓度负相关;pH值升高会降低反应速率,温度升高会加快反应的进行.将不同温度条件下反应速率常数进行线性拟合,推算出了Fe(Ⅵ)与IDM反应的热力学参数Ea、ΔH和ΔS的值分别为15.79 J·mol~(-1)、13.27 J·mol~(-1)、-183.76 J·mol-1·K~(-1),说明该反应是吸热反应,同时活化能较低也说明了该反应在常规饮用水消毒条件下即可进行.TOC测定实验表明,Fe(Ⅵ)对IDM的矿化效率较低,大部分IDM转化成其它大分子有机物.     

低温下曝气生物滤池预处理污染河水的试验研究

采用两段曝气生物滤床串联工艺预处理入滇新运粮河河水,研究了其在冬天低温条件下对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并考察了pH值的变化。结果表明,在进水流量为2.4 m3.d-1、水温为13-16℃、原水ρ（CODCr）为66.46-107.82 mg·L-1、ρ（氨氮）为22.15-30.68 mg·L-1的水质特征条件下,系统对CODCr和氨氮的去除率分别为36.08%-50.37%和76.98%-93.56%。其中,碳氧化段以去除有机物为主,硝化段以去除氨氮为主;系统中硝酸氮质量浓度明显升高,无亚硝氮的积累;装置对总氮的平均去除率为19.56%,可以认为总氮的去除是同步硝化反硝化的结果。系统中pH值有所变化但维持在7-8之间,其中碳氧化段pH值升高,硝化段pH值下降。系统对有机物和氨氮良好的去除效果为后续进一步的生物处理提供了条件。     

液相络合-铁屑还原-酸吸收回收法脱除烟气中的NOx

用"Fe2 螯合剂吸收-铁屑还原-酸吸收"回收法脱除烟气中的NOx,研究了铁屑脱硝过程的影响因素,确定了脱硝过程的合适工艺条件,并对络合脱硝溶液的再生和循环利用进行了研究.结果表明:最佳工艺参数为:络合脱硝溶液中Fe2 EDTA浓度20mmol·l-1,pH值6.0,温度65℃;在此条件下,用两个反应器串联,对O2含量为10.5%的模拟烟气可取得90%以上的脱硝效率.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.