有机膦萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中Cr和Fe

采用磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(D2EHPA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中的Cr3 与Fe3 .结果表明,在pH 2.2时,采用5?EHPA-正己烷萃取体系,Fe3 的萃取率达到99%,有效地分离了制革污泥淋滤液中的Fe3 和Cr3 .以5 mol·l-1的盐酸作为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,20min时的反萃率可以达到90%左右.以TBP和 D2EHPA为萃取剂萃取分离Cr3 与Fe3 时,降低了污泥淋滤液中Fe3 的萃取率,这是由于TBP的加入降低了D2EHPA的有效浓度.同时TBP的加入阻碍了萃取物分子和反萃剂的接触,降低了Fe3 的反萃率.     

二(2-乙基己基)磷酸络合萃取邻氨基苯酚的研究

以二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(D2EHPA)为萃取剂,研究稀释剂种类、萃取剂浓度、溶液的初始pH值、溶液中甲(乙)醇等因素对邻氨基酚(OAP)稀溶液分配比(D)的影响.结果表明:溶液的初始pH值在7左右时,D有最大值;D值随二(2-乙基己基)磷酸浓度的增大而提高,且在极性环境要优于惰性环境;甲(乙)醇是影响萃取结果的主要因素.     

Al(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅲ)溶液共聚合研究

以AlCl_3·6H_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O混合溶液通过滴加NaOH溶液的方法制备了不同Al/Fe(摩尔比,下同)和不同[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]值的共聚物.测定了聚合过程和熟化过程中的pH值变化,并对不同碱化度和熟化时间下的聚合物进行了混凝效能实验.结果表明,在共聚过程中,Fe(Ⅲ)与 OH~-的络合速度比Ai(Ⅲ)快,即 Fe(Ⅲ)具有较强的共聚合活性.Al/Fe,[OH」_b/[Al+Fe]值对铝铁共聚物形态分布有明显影响.不同条件下共聚物混凝对比实验表明,在Al/Fe为5:5,[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]为 1.6,熟化时间为24h时,显示出了较优异的混凝效能.     

铁(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解引发水中铬(Ⅵ)还原

初步研究了含有Fe(Ⅲ)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在高压汞灯照射下对铬(Ⅵ)的光还原反应．考察了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度对反应的影响．分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制．结果表明：铁-丙酮酸盐体系能光还原Cr(Ⅵ)；最佳pH为3．0；Cr(Ⅵ)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(Ⅲ)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增加而增加；实验条件下的表观动力学方程为：-dGCr(Ⅵ)／dt=0．021[Cr(Ⅵ)]0.39[Fe(Ⅲ)r1.05[CH3COCOONa]0.39；Fe(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是Cr(Ⅵ)的主要还原剂．     

铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解引发水中铬(Ⅵ)还原

初步研究了含有Fe(III)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在高压汞灯照射下对铬(VI)的光还原反应.考察了溶液pH值、Fe(III)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(VI)浓度对反应的影响.分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制.结果表明:铁丙酮酸盐体系能光还原Cr(VI);最佳pH为3.0;Cr(VI)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(III)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(VI)初始浓度的增加而增加;实验条件下的表观动力学方程为:-dCCr(VI)/dt=0.021[Cr(VI)]0.39[Fe(III)]1.05[CH3COCOONa]0.39;Fe(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(II)是Cr(VI)的主要还原剂.     

响应面法研究NO_3~-、NO_2~-和Fe~(3+)对布洛芬光解的复合影响

在溶液中分别加入不同浓度的NO-3、NO-2和Fe3+,考察它们对布洛芬光解的影响.通过响应面法研究了它们对布洛芬光降解的复合影响.结果表明,NO-3可以明显地促进布洛芬的光解.NO-2和Fe3+会抑制布洛芬的光解,且在研究的浓度范围内NO-2的抑制效果比Fe3+强烈.当水环境中存在NO-3、NO-2和Fe3+时,可用响应面法来估算布洛芬的光解速率.NO-3和NO-2的相互作用、NO-3和Fe3+的相互作用对布洛芬的光解具有显著性影响.     

模拟日光照射下草酸协同黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用

研究了模拟日光照射下草酸协同黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用机理及其影响因素.结果表明,加入草酸后,反应体系中生成了光化学活性高的草酸铁(Ⅲ)配合物,同时还可能阻止了黄铁矿表面Fe(Ⅲ)水解产物Fe(OH)3和CrxFe1-x(OH)3的生成,从而使黄铁矿还原Cr(Ⅵ)的速率明显得到提高.增加溶液酸度、草酸浓度和黄铁矿质量浓度,有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原.     

不同螯合剂对零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解对氯苯胺的影响

研究了螯合剂EDTA、草酸(OA)、柠檬酸(CA)以及2,2-联吡啶(BPY)对零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解对氯苯胺(PCA)的影响;考察了溶液中PCA的降解率、PS消耗量和溶液中的Fe2+含量对反应的影响.结果表明,在中性条件下,EDTA、OA、CA等3种螯合剂抑制PCA在零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系中降解.而BPY促进了PCA的降解,增加溶液中BPY浓度,PCA的降解率增大;且PCA的降解是拟一级反应,其速率和BPY浓度呈正比;溶液初始p H值为3.0—11.0时,PCA在中性和碱性条件下的降解效率高于酸性条件.相对未加入BPY的体系,在中性和碱性条件下,BPY促进ZVI中Fe2+的溶出而提高PS活化效率,在酸性条件下,BPY由于减少了溶液中游离的Fe2+浓度,表现出对PCA的降解抑制.本文结果进一步证明了零价铁活化过硫酸盐非均相体系中,零价铁是作为活化PS的Fe2+的替代来源.     

磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚的络合萃取

基于可逆络合反应的萃取分离方法对极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性.本文系统进行了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚稀溶液的络合萃取的实验研.负载有机相的红外谱图分析表明,TBP与苯酚通过氢键缔合形成萃合物.以TBP-煤油为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了萃取平衡和错流萃取实验.讨论了其应用的可能性及开发新的有效的络合萃取剂的途径.     

Fenton溶液预处理对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响

采用Fenton溶液对TiO2纳米管电极进行预处理,研究其对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响,考察了Fenton溶液的浓度、配比和处理时间等影响因素,研究了Fenton预处理过程中溶液中二价铁和总铁的含量变化,运用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对TiO2纳米管电极进行了表征,初步探讨了经处理后TiO2纳米管催化活性再生或增强的机理.结果表明,经Fenton溶液处理后的TiO2纳米管催化活性有明显地提高,Fenton溶液浓度越高,TCs降解率越大(相应于TiO2纳米管催化活性的增强);在一定浓度范围内,H2O2的配比高低对TCs降解率影响较大,其所占比例高,则降解率高,而Fe2+配比高低对TCs降解率影响相对较小.在Fenton溶液处理过程中,溶液中剩余的Fe2+含量较为恒定,总铁的含量呈下降趋势.XPS分析表明,经Fenton溶液处理后,TiO2纳米管电极表面C1s含量降低,O1s、Fe2p含量增大;部分含碳官能团含量明显降低,O1s的电子结合能向高能端位移.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central