水泥土挡墙的设计与应用

水泥土挡墙是常用的基坑支护方法之一。文章对水泥土挡墙的支护特点、适用范围、设计方法做了论述,并结合工程实例,对水泥土挡墙的设计方法进行了探讨,供与同行商榷。     

填土沉降与管涵渗漏条件下高陡挡墙稳定性分析

山地城镇建设经常在沟谷地段建造高陡挡墙，墙后填土的固结沉降易诱发地下管涵破损渗漏，在强降雨导致的高水压条件下会产生管涌破坏，进而威胁高陡挡墙的整体稳定，是较为典型的岩土灾害。以福州软件园某高陡挡墙渗漏与管涌灾害事件为例，首先采用地质雷达探测了扶壁式挡墙填土区的地层扰动和地下脱空特征，应用CCTV检测技术揭示了墙后填土区地下管涵的破损和堵塞规律，分析了台风“卢碧”强降雨期间扶壁式挡墙坡脚两次发生管涵泥沙管涌和挡土墙壁承压泄水的灾害现象，开展了旱季天然工况、雨季排水工况和台风暴雨工况条件下高陡挡墙稳定性分析，分析了填土沉降与管涵渗漏条件下高陡挡墙失稳破坏的机制，并对极端条件下高陡挡墙的稳定性进行了分析与预测。结果表明：旱季天然工况下该高陡挡墙拥有一定的安全储备，雨季排水工况下高陡挡墙安全储备逐渐降低，但仍满足规范的设计要求，而台风暴雨工况下其安全储备已低于规范的设计要求；在台风暴雨驱动下填土沉降—管涵渗漏—承压管涌破坏是该高陡挡墙失稳破坏的机制。该研究成果可为类似工程建设规划设计及长期运维管理提供参考。     

生态加筋土高挡墙数值计算与分析

以某机场生态加筋高挡墙为例,采用ADINA有限元软件建立模型,模拟加筋土挡墙的施工加载过程,从应力、应变、塑性区分布和破裂面形式等角度对比分析加筋与不加筋高挡墙,结果表明:生态加筋能够有效限制挡土墙的侧向变形,但对挡墙整体竖向沉降的较小作用较不明显;加筋还可以使挡土墙内应力分布更均匀,避免应力集中或突变;台阶式加筋土高挡墙的潜在破裂面形式与0.3H破裂面存在较大差异;加筋使挡土墙内塑性区减小,有效地抑制了挡土墙塑性区的发展贯通。     

刚/柔组合墙面加筋土挡墙动力响应数值分析

为研究刚/柔组合墙面加筋土挡墙动力响应规律,基于刚/柔组合墙面加筋土挡墙的振动台试验结果,建立了FLAC3D数值模型,研究了加载频率和峰值加速度对挡墙的墙面位移、加速度响应及地震土压力分布的影响.结果表明:地震作用下,水平位移分布呈绕墙趾转动模式;在不同频率、不同加速度幅值下,墙高比(挡墙位移与墙高的比值)不超过0.0...     

贵开路杨家湾段路堤斜坡的稳定性计算及处理方案比较

简单介绍贵开路杨家湾段斜坡的工程地质和水文地质条件,通过现场直剪试验及路堤挡墙的施工情况等, 综合评价和计算斜坡的稳定性,比较并提出合理的处理方案。     

遵义市某小区滑坡治理工程中的几个问题及处理措施

文章以遵义小区某滑坡治理工程为例,介绍了滑坡治理中有效解决坡面防水、护面结构与坡面的粘结等问题的实践经验,提出了锚杆支护、挂网喷砼、坡脚挡墙衬护、喷面边界浇筑连系梁的综合治理措施。该滑坡治理效果良好。     

黄陵至延安高速公路k295+750-k296+050段滑坡稳定性分析与治理

在介绍黄陵至延安高速公路k295+750～k296+050滑坡工程地质情况的基础上,对滑坡的成因和机制进行了分析,并且进行了稳定性计算与评价。最后结合工程实际特点提出了以路肩挡墙作为支挡工程,并辅以刷方减重和地表排水相结合的合理处治方案。     

深基坑支护工程安全防护技术探讨

近十年来，拔地而起的高层与超高层建筑，不断兴建的交通、市政、工业地下设施等，使我国深基坑工程得到迅猛发展。基坑的深度已由6m、sin发展到10m、ZOm以上，基坑支护设计更是综合应用了挡墙、撑锚及土体加固等多项技术，取得了大量的成功经验。但是，基坑事故也时有发生，轻     

河流线型对河流自净能力的影响

为研究河流线型对河流自净能力的影响,选取5条具有不同河流线型的河涌进行研究,以弯曲度和分形维数表征河流线型,以TP、NH 3-N、NO 2-N、NO 3-N、COD Cr、TOC、DOC、叶绿素(Chlorophyll)和蓝绿藻藻蓝蛋白(BGA-PC)等9项水质指标沿程削减率表征河流自净能力,并分析各研究河段的悬浮微生物生物量和生物活性,探讨河流线型影响河流自净能力的作用机制。结果表明:多项水质指标沿程削减率随河流线型蜿蜒程度的增加而提升。在直立式浆砌石挡墙河段,河流线型通过提高悬浮微生物生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使TP、NH 3-N、NO 3-N、DOC、Chlorophyll和BGA-PC的沿程削减率显著提升;而在格宾石笼挡墙河段,河流线型通过增加悬浮生物生物量和提高生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使NO 2-N、COD Cr、TOC和DOC的沿程削减率显著提高。     

不同降雨条件下北运河河岸带类型对径流污染削减效果的影响

面源污染对北运河水环境质量的影响日益凸显.以北运河流域沙河水库入库支流南沙河和北沙河的河岸带为研究对象,考察降雨过程中河岸带对径流污染的净化效果.根据北运河流域河岸带结构及植物群落的分布特征,将河岸带分为Ⅰ型河岸带(防洪堤-防洪挡墙-林地-草地)和Ⅱ型河岸带(防洪堤-林地-草地)2种类型.以南沙河北岸(NB)和北沙河南...     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

MFI型沸石吸附分离水体中混合硝基氯苯的研究

采用MFI型沸石(HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石)为吸附剂分别吸附水体中的对硝基氯苯和邻硝基氯苯,研究了温度与沸石的结构特性对硝基氯苯吸附的影响,以及2种硝基氯苯分子在MFI型沸石中的扩散行为．结果表明,在不同温度下,对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石中的吸附行为明显不同;对硝基氯苯在2种MFI型沸石中的扩散系数都显高于邻硝基氯苯．对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在吸附量与扩散性上的差异导致HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石对对硝基氯苯的吸附具有良好的选择性．尤其HZSM-5沸石在低温下更有利于从水体中选择性吸附分离混合硝基氯苯。     

持续水动力作用下湖泊底泥胶体态氮、磷的释放

为揭示水动力扰动及其后续沉淀效应对湖泊内源氮、磷营养盐释放的作用,通过室内试验模拟了水体在受到持续扰动后又长时间静置沉淀的整个过程. 结果表明,水动力扰动初期可引起底泥颗粒态和胶体态氮、磷向水体大量释放. 在连续扰动0.5 d时,水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度分别达最高值2.106 mg/L和0.272 mg/L; 连续扰动1 d时,水体中胶体氮(CN)和胶体磷(CP)含量分别达最高值0.452 mg/L和0.052 mg/L; 之后虽继续扰动,因颗粒物和胶体物质的凝聚沉淀作用超过了其悬浮量,TN、TP、CN、CP的含量却转而降低.在停止扰动后的静置过程中,大颗粒悬浮物迅速沉淀,而胶体物质沉降缓慢,静置时间超过1 d后,CN和CP含量才开始因絮凝沉淀而降低.真溶解态氮(UDN) 和真溶解态磷(UDP)含量在扰动阶段升高较少而在静置1　d之后有持续大幅度升高,说明胶体的吸附作用在扰动阶段限制了水体溶解态氮磷含量的升高,且延长了其悬浮后在水柱中的停留时间,在扰动后的静置阶段,胶体又会将吸附的氮磷解吸释放到水体中,从而延缓了营养盐去除和水质的改善.     

军工材料环境适应性工程化验证和研究发展战略探讨

通过对国内外发展现状分析,讨论了环境适应性工程化验证和研究在军工材料开发、应用及其在武器装备发展中的地位和作用。提出了军工材料环境适应性工程化验证的技术内涵、试验与研究的模式和军工材料开发到武器装备应用各个阶段的任务和目标。在此基础上。探讨了发展军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证试验与研究的总体战略和目标。结合国情。提出了军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证与研究和关键材料体系环境适应性数据完善．军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证自主保障能力建设．军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证技术的提升等3方面重点发展和研究内容的构想与建议。     

铁和硫的形态转化与水体黑臭的关系

介绍了黑臭水体概念及形成原因,分析了自然水体中铁与硫的赋存形态、转化过程和影响因素,阐明铁与硫的形态转化与水体黑臭的关系:以有机物为主的耗氧物质破坏水体中铁与硫循环因而造成Fe2+与H2S大量累积,出现水体黑臭现象。     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.