入侵植物互花米草水浸液对莴苣的化感效应

选用互花米草根、茎、叶5个浓度梯度(0.065、0.130、0.195、0.260、0.325 g·mL-1)的水浸液为处理液,研究其对莴苣种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:互花米草根水浸液在浓度大于0.260 g·mL-1时会显著抑制莴苣种子的萌发,而茎、叶水浸液产生显著抑制作用的起始浓度分别为0.130 g·mL-1和0.195 g·mL-1;互花米草根、茎、叶水浸液对莴苣种子萌发的抑制,不仅表现为降低种子的最终萌发率,还表现为延长种子的平均萌发周期;茎、叶水授液对幼苗生长的影响比较显著.而根水浸液浓度低于0.195g·mL-1时对幼苗胚轴的生长产生促进作用(敏感指数RI>0).不同构件水浸液化感效应强度由大到小依次为:茎>叶>根.并且化感效应强度随水浸液浓度的增加而增强.     

水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发POD与CAT对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究了pH 2.5～5.0模拟酸雨对水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)和油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)种子萌发过程中POD、CAT活性影响.静态与动态实验结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,3类种子萌发时CAT与POD活性的变化幅度是水稻(28.8%,31.7%)<小麦(34.7%,48.3%)<油菜(79.3%,50.0%);CAT与POD与CK达到差异显著水平(p<0.05)的胁迫强度是水稻(pH3.5)>小麦(pH4.0)>油菜(pH5.0),说明保护酶抗酸雨能力是水稻>小麦>油菜.相同胁迫强度下,水稻、小麦和油菜种子CAT变幅     

无瓣海桑不同器官水浸液对互花米草幼苗的化感效应

以互花米草幼苗为受体植物,选用无瓣海桑凋落叶、根、果的5个质量浓度梯度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/mL)水浸液为处理液,研究无瓣海桑对互花米草幼苗的化感效应。结果表明:不同浓度的无瓣海桑凋落叶、根和果的水浸液对互花米草幼苗具有不同程度的化感作用,且存在"高抑低促"的浓度效应。所有水浸液均表现出高浓度下(高于0.3 g/mL)明显抑制互花米草的生长,随着浓度降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱,甚至转为轻微促进作用(即0.1 g/mL时)的规律。无瓣海桑不同器官的水浸液对互花米草幼苗生长的综合化感抑制强度为:果>根>凋落叶。     

野大豆茎叶水浸液对4种牧草的化感效应探究

为探究野大豆(Glycine soja)与其它草本植物混生区会逐渐演变为以野大豆为单一优势种草地的机理,该研究采用培养皿滤纸发芽法,以野大豆为供体植物,黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum)、野大豆和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为受体植物,研究野大豆茎叶水浸液对这4种牧草种子萌发、幼苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响。野大豆水浸液对4种牧草的种子发芽率、幼苗株高和根长、干物质总量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素a、b总量均具有抑制作用,对黑麦草、野大豆和紫花苜蓿的叶绿素b含量也均有显著性抑制作用(P0.05),但对狼尾草叶绿素b含量则有显著性促进作用(P0.05)。化感作用对不同受体植物或同一受体植物不同部位的影响程度存在差异,幼苗根长的抑制作用明显强于株高;不同受体植物对野大豆茎叶水浸提液化感作用的敏感程度存在差异。     

铀矿浸出液胁迫对种子萌发和幼苗生长及抗氧化酶影响

研究了不同浓度铀矿浸出液对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、大豆(Glycine max(Linn.)Merr.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)和绿豆(Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek.)的种子的萌发率、根系和幼苗的早期生长及其抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:低浓度的铀矿浸出液使4种作物种子...     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.     

毛竹入侵对常绿阔叶林主要树种的化感作用研究

为探讨毛竹入侵对周边森林环境的影响,以毛竹浸提液处理苦槠、青冈种子,测定种子萌发效应.结果表明,两树种种子萌发与浸提液浓度和来源有关.浓度效应表现为高抑低促的作用规律,高浓度处理下苦槠的发芽率为对照的82.3%~102.2%,青冈为对照的80%~90.9%,而低浓度处理下分别为对照的101.7%~107.6%和94.9%~109.1%.除低浓度处理对苦槠发芽速度无影响外,其他处理均对两树种发芽速度有显著的延缓作用(P<0.05).高浓度浸提液对苦槠根系活力有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率为41.1%~62.4%.不同来源浸提液处理间差异明显,根系浸提液处理的种子发芽率最低.苦槠芽苗的芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异不显著(P>0.05),而青冈芽苗芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异显著(P<0.05),茎叶、根系与枯落物浸提液高于土壤浸提液.这些结果说明毛竹具有潜在的化感作用,可能有利于其入侵周边森林,从而危害周边森林环境.     

微囊藻毒素-LR和铜绿微囊藻裂解液对营养生长期水稻生理生化效应

选用微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)纯品和铜绿微囊藻裂解液分别对水稻进行21d暴露处理,考察不同浓度(0.1,1.0和10.0μg/L)MC-LR纯品和不同浓度(0.002,0.02和0.2倍)裂解液对水稻株高、鲜重、根长、淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、还原性谷光甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响.研究结果表明,MC-LR纯品能抑制水稻株高、根长及叶片中淀粉酶活性,且在较低浓度下水稻根长即出现显著响应.高浓度裂解液在水稻的生长发育方面更多地表现为对植株的刺激和促进作用,仅对水稻根长抑制显著.在生理生化方面,MC-LR纯品对叶片碱性磷酸酶活性无影响,但对GSH具有诱导作用,而裂解液对GSH、MDA和AKP都表现出显著抑制.该研究表明,MC-LR纯品和铜绿微囊藻裂解液对水稻的毒性效应存在差异,铜绿微囊藻裂解液中存在的其他毒素组分可能对水稻毒性效应影响较大.     

硝基苯废水的光降解及其对小麦的复合毒理效应

以紫外灯为光源,研究了废水中硝基苯的降解过程、降解规律以及处理后的硝基苯废水对小麦种子萌发、株高和根长的毒理效应。结果表明:硝基苯的光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;反应活化能为15.3 kJ/mol;在30℃的条件下,400 mg/L的硝基苯废水,在125 W紫外灯照射下,反应8 h时,硝基苯废水的反应速率常数和降解率分别为0.4565 h~(-1)和94.58%;硝基苯污染废水在光降解不同阶段,降解后的中间产物及残留的母体化合物所产生的复合毒性对小麦种子发芽率、植株干重、株高和根长都有不同程度的毒害效应,其中根长抑制率达到30%~80%。     

基于iTraq技术的加拿大一枝黄花提取物作用下铜绿微囊藻细胞差异表达蛋白

为研究加拿大一枝黄花提取物对藻类生长抑制作用的分子机理,应用iTraq技术结合LC-MS-MS,分析了铜绿微囊藻细胞蛋白质的差异表达.共鉴定出261种差异蛋白(变化倍数31.5),其中表达上调的220种,表达下调的41种. GO功能分类显示,加拿大一枝黄花提取物通过影响细胞代谢过程、蛋白质催化和结合功能等方式抑制藻细胞生长.KEGG通路分析表明,通路大类中富集程度位于前3位的均是代谢通路,包括能量代谢、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢,通路中富集程度最高的是糖酵解/糖异生通路.本研究发现了加拿大一枝黄花提取物对藻细胞生长抑制作用的分子靶点,为从分子层面阐明其抑藻作用提供参考,也为研究植物化感物质的抑藻机理提供了新方法.     

Allelopathic effects of extracts from Solidago canadensis L.against seed germination and seedling growth of some plants

To investigate the potential role of allelopathy in plant interference and in the successful invasion of alien species Solidago canadensis, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from rhizomes, stems and leaves of S. canadensis were prepared and used as treatment solutions to assess their effects on seed germination and seedling growth in four target species, mulberry （Morus alba）; morning glory （Pharbitis nil）, wheat （Triticum aestivum） and rape （Brassiea campestris）. Reduction and/or growth in germination and growth of the target plant species in the presence of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different concentrations indicated that the responses were species-specific and concentration-dependent. Generally, ethanolic extracts （especially from leaves） imposed stronger effects on both seed germination and seedling growth. Extracts with lower concentration at 0.001 g/ml dw could stimulate the seedling growth of rape and morning glory, whereas extracts at any given concentrations have inhibitory effects on wheat and mulberry. It is suggested that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the three parts of S. canadensis have significant allelopathic effects. Although both inhibition and stimulation occurred in the germination and growth of the target species, extracts with higher concentrations definitely inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of all target plants. We suggest that allelopathy plays a more important role than other mechanisms do in the out-competition ofS. canadensis over other plants, and make it invasive in new habitats.     

金鱼藻对5种水华微藻生长的抑制作用

采用共培养方法,研究了新鲜金鱼藻和其水溶性抽提液对颤藻、水华束丝藻、衣藻、实球藻和纤维藻等5种水华微藻生长的影响。在此基础上,分析了金鱼藻干粉末的甲醇提取物作用下5种水华微藻的生长。同时,研究了金鱼藻种植水的中/酸性-氯仿萃取物对5种微藻生长的影响。结果表明,共生条件下金鱼藻能显著抑制5种水华微藻的生长。第8天,20 g/L的新鲜金鱼藻和金鱼藻水溶性抽提液对5种水华微藻的生长抑制率超过42%。在4.8 g/L时,金鱼藻甲醇提取物对颤藻、水华束丝藻、衣藻、实球藻和纤维藻的生长抑制率分别为54.6%、46.1%、50.3%、52.1%和68.0%。金鱼藻种植水的中/酸性-氯仿萃取物均具有明显的抑藻活性。     

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by extracts/subfractions of Chickrassy (Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.)

Polyphenols and polyphenol-rich fractions of plants have been reported to have protective effects against lipid peroxidation, most probably by serving as scavengers of free radicals and/or by chelating metal ions. In the present study, the effect of different extracts/subfractions of Chickrassy (Chukrasia tabularis) on peroxyl radical mediated damage to the polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. Liver homogenate was used as experimental material. The production of malondialdehyde served as a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. It was observed that polyphenol-rich fractions, particularly the ethyl acetate fractions of bark and leaves, showed the highest protective activity of 83.02% and 88.62% inhibition, respectively. This study will help in knowing the scientific validation of this plant, for its use in ayurvedic formulations. The current in vitro experiments performed herewith comply with the current laws of India.     

花卉植物修复剩余污泥中重金属的实验研究

文章采用徐州四种本土花卉植物,通过盆栽试验研究花卉植物对徐州姚庄污水处理厂剩余污泥中重金属的修复效果。主要研究结论如下:(1)吊兰在整个实验期内生长旺盛,污泥中重金属对其无毒害作用,相反金盏菊、矮牵牛、三色堇都受到不同程度的重金属毒害作用;(2)从积累特征分析,四种花卉植物对各种重金属均表现出一定的富集效果和转运效果,但是没有达到超积累植物的标准;(3)四种花卉植物茎叶部中,吊兰对Cu、Zn、Pb的积累量最大,最大值分别为2.58mg/plant、5.76mg/plant、0.29mg/plant,金盏菊对Cd的积累量最大,最大值为0.200mg/plant;四种花卉植物根部中,吊兰对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的积累量最大,最大值分别为3.12mg/plant、8.77mg/plant、0.29mg/plant、0.24mg/plant;(4)从四种花卉植物对重金属的耐性、积累特征和积累总量来看,吊兰的富集效果优于其它三种花卉植物。     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...     

Extraction and quantification of "condensed tannins" as a measure of plant anti-herbivore defence? Revisiting an old problem

Contents of phenolic compounds in leaf extracts often serve as a measure of plant anti-herbivore defence. This method suffers from the multifunctionality of phenolics and from problems with their colorimetric quantification. Here we present further evidence for the pertinence of these problems. Contents of condensed tannins (CCT) were spectrophotometrically quantified in leaf extracts of 11 closely related mimosoid species, and Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars were reared on artificial diet containing these extracts. The relationship of CCT with caterpillar growth differed considerably among plant species, since both positive and negative correlations were detected. There was, however, a negative correlation of CCT with fungal spore germination, indicating a role of these compounds in resistance to fungi. Detailed knowledge on the structure and biological function of defensive compounds and on the overall composition of leaves is required to estimate a plant's defensive efficacy against a particular group of enemies.     

加拿大一枝黄花提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用

研究加拿大一枝黄花提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果,采用两种不同的有机溶剂(水、乙酸乙酯)及水蒸气蒸馏法(挥发油成分)提取加拿大一枝黄花中的抑藻活性物质并进行抑藻试验研究。结果表明三种提取物对铜绿微囊藻均具有较强的抑制作用,在试验设定浓度下,水浸提物在30 g/L时具有最高抑藻率89.89%,乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为8 g/L时即达到60.88%的抑藻率,而挥发油成分在浓度为10 g/L时有最高抑藻率45.11%。研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花具有抑藻效果,其中乙酸乙酯提取物抑制效果最好,具有应用于水体富营养化的治理和开发新型抑藻剂的潜力。     

Fungal elicitors of the phytoalexin response in higher plants

Several types of fungal molecules including cell wall polysaccharides, polypeptides, glycoproteins and lipid molecules have been found to serve as elicitors of phytoalexins in higher plants. Recent work has shown that an extracellular enzyme, endopolygalacturonase, from culture filtrates of the fungusRhizopus stolonifer elicits the biosynthesis of an antifungal antibiotic, casbene, in extracts of treated castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings. A suggested mode of action of this elicitor in the plant in which fragments of the plant cell wall released through the catalytic action of the enzyme serve as secondary elicitors to trigger the plant response is proposed on the basis of preliminary observations. Possible modes of interaction of other types of fungal elicitors with plants are also discussed.     

CO2升高对三角梅吸收Cd和佳乐麝香及根际的影响

以花卉三角梅修复Cd和佳乐麝香污染土壤为研究对象,探讨大气CO₂浓度升高对该植物吸收Cd和佳乐麝香的影响,并通过检测植物根际各相关指标综合分析三角梅修复生态系统的整体功能.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高、Cd和佳乐麝香的联合胁迫对三角梅生长没有显著抑制,对其吸收Cd和佳乐麝香具有促进作用,尤其是750μL/LCO₂、50mg/kg Cd和佳乐麝香处理促进作用最显著,并且,此时三角梅根际细菌的数量最多.脲酶活性随不同处理组浓度变化存在显著性差异.佳乐麝香的添加和CO₂浓度升高促进了土壤有机碳的增加.综上,三角梅具有应用于大气CO₂浓度升高条件下修复Cd和佳乐麝香复合污染土壤的潜力.