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1.
Geographically explicit analysis tools are needed to assess forest health indicators that are measured over large regions. Spatial scan statistics can be used to detect spatial or spatiotemporal clusters of forests representing hotspots of extreme indicator values. This paper demonstrates the approach through analyses of forest fragmentation indicators in the southeastern United States and insect and pathogen indicators in the Pacific Northwest United States. The scan statistic detected four spatial clusters of fragmented forest including a hotspot in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain region. Three recurring clusters of insect and pathogen occurrence were found in the Pacific Northwest. Spatial scan statistics are a powerful new tool that can be used to identify potential forest health problems. 相似文献
2.
Forest Dynamics in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The primary deciduous forests in the Eastern Ghats (EG) of Tamil Nadu (TN) India have undergone many changes owing to various
need-based forest managements, such as timber extraction for industry, railway sleepers, charcoal, and forest clearance for
hydroelectric projects and agriculture, during preindependence and postindependence periods (i.e., from 1800 to 1980). The
enactment of a forest conservation act during the 1980s changed the perception of forest managers from utilization to conservation.
This study was taken up to assess the forests dynamics in the EG of TN spatially between 1990 and 2003 and nonspatially between
1900 and the 1980s. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) 1D Linear Imaging and Self Scanning
(LISS III) data were used to assess forests during 1990 and 2003, respectively. Field floristic survey and secondary data
(such as published literature, floras, books, and forest working plans) were used to assess the forest dynamics in terms of
forest type and species composition among the preindependence period, the postindependence period, and the present (i.e.,
before and after 1980). The satellite data analysis revealed a considerable amount of changes in all forest types during the
13 years. The comparison of species composition and forest types between the past and present revealed that need-based forest
management along with anthropogenic activity have altered the primary deciduous forest in to secondary and postextraction
secondary forests such as southern thorn and southern thorn scrub forests in the middle [400–900 m above mean sea level (MSL)]
and lower slopes (<400 m MSL). However, the evergreen forests present at the upper slope (>900 m MSL) and plateau seemed not
to be much affected by the forest management. The changes estimated by the satellite data processing in the major forest types
such as evergreen, deciduous, southern thorn, and southern thorn scrub are really alarming because these changes have occurred
after the implementation of a forest conservation act. The dependence of local people on forests for various purposes in this
region is also considerably high, which might be a key factor for the changes in the forests. The results of this study not
only provide an outlook on the present status of the forests and the change trends but also provide the basis for further
studies on forests in the EG of TN. 相似文献
3.
Mingshi Li Lijun Mao Chunguo Zhou James E. Vogelmann Zhiliang Zhu 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(12):2572-2580
Forest loss and fragmentation are of major concern to the international community, in large part because they impact so many important environmental processes. The main objective of this study was to assess the differences in forest fragmentation patterns and drivers between China and the conterminous United States (USA). Using the latest 300-m resolution global land cover product, Globcover v2.2, a comparative analysis of forest fragmentation patterns and drivers was made. The fragmentation patterns were characterized by using a forest fragmentation model built on the sliding window analysis technique in association with landscape indices. Results showed that China’s forests were substantially more fragmented than those of the USA. This was evidenced by a large difference in the amount of interior forest area share, with China having 48% interior forest versus the 66% for the USA. China’s forest fragmentation was primarily attributed to anthropogenic disturbances, driven particularly by agricultural expansion from an increasing and large population, as well as poor forest management practices. In contrast, USA forests were principally fragmented by natural land cover types. However, USA urban sprawl contributed more to forest fragmentation than in China. This is closely tied to the USA’s economy, lifestyle and institutional processes. Fragmentation maps were generated from this study, which provide valuable insights and implications regarding habitat planning for rare and endangered species. Such maps enable development of strategic plans for sustainable forest management by identifying areas with high amounts of human-induced fragmentation, which improve risk assessments and enable better targeting for protection and remediation efforts. Because forest fragmentation is a long-term, complex process that is highly related to political, institutional, economic and philosophical arenas, both nations need to take effective and comprehensive measures to mitigate the negative effects of forest loss and fragmentation on the existing forest ecosystems. 相似文献
4.
With 207 million ha of forest covering 22% of its land area, China ranks fifth in the world in forest area. Rapid economic
growth, climate change, and forest disturbances pose new, complex challenges for forest research and management. Progress
in meeting these challenges is relevant beyond China, because China’s forests represent 34% of Asia’s forests and 5% of the
worlds’ forests. To provide a broader understanding of these management challenges and of research and policies that address
them, we organized this special issue on contemporary forest research and management issues in China. At the national level,
papers review major forest types and the evolution of sustainable forestry, the development of China’s forest-certification
efforts, the establishment of a forest inventory system, and achievements and challenges in insect pest control in China.
Papers focused on Northern China address historical, social, and political factors that have shaped the region’s forests;
the use of forest landscape models to assess how forest management can achieve multiple objectives; and analysis and modeling
of fuels and fire behavior. Papers addressing Central and South China describe the “Grain for Green” program, which converts
low productivity cropland to grassland and woodland to address erosion and soil carbon sequestration; the potential effects
of climate change on CO2 efflux and soil respiration; and relationships between climate and net primary productivity. China shares many forest management
and research issues with other countries, but in other cases China’s capacity to respond to forest management challenges is
unique and bears watching by the rest of the world. 相似文献
5.
Landscape spatial patterns have increasingly been considered to be essential for environmental planning and resources management.
In this study, we proposed a hierarchical approach for landscape classification and evaluation by characterizing landscape
spatial patterns across different hierarchical levels. The case study site is the Red Hills region of northern Florida and
southwestern Georgia, well known for its biodiversity, historic resources, and scenic beauty. We used one Landsat Enhanced
Thematic Mapper image to extract land-use/-cover information. Then, we employed principal-component analysis to help identify
key class-level landscape metrics for forests at different hierarchical levels, namely, open pine, upland pine, and forest
as a whole. We found that the key class-level landscape metrics varied across different hierarchical levels. Compared with
forest as a whole, open pine forest is much more fragmented. The landscape metric, such as CONTIG_MN, which measures whether
pine patches are contiguous or not, is more important to characterize the spatial pattern of pine forest than to forest as
a whole. This suggests that different metric sets should be used to characterize landscape patterns at different hierarchical
levels. We further used these key metrics, along with the total class area, to classify and evaluate subwatersheds through
cluster analysis. This study demonstrates a promising approach that can be used to integrate spatial patterns and processes
for hierarchical forest landscape planning and management. 相似文献
6.
Temporal and spatial vegetation structure has impact on biodiversity qualities. Yet, current schemes of biotope mapping do
only to a limited extend incorporate these factors in the mapping. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application
of a modified biotope mapping scheme that includes temporal and spatial vegetation structure. A refined scheme was developed
based on a biotope classification, and applied to a green structure system in Helsingborg city in southern Sweden. It includes
four parameters of vegetation structure: continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal structure, and vertical
structure. The major green structure sites were determined by interpretation of panchromatic aerial photographs assisted with
a field survey. A set of biotope maps was constructed on the basis of each level of modified classification. An evaluation
of the scheme included two aspects in particular: comparison of species richness between long-continuity and short-continuity
forests based on identification of woodland continuity using ancient woodland indicators (AWI) species and related historical
documents, and spatial distribution of animals in the green space in relation to vegetation structure. The results indicate
that (1) the relationship between forest continuity: according to verification of historical documents, the richness of AWI
species was higher in long-continuity forests; Simpson’s diversity was significantly different between long- and short-continuity
forests; the total species richness and Shannon’s diversity were much higher in long-continuity forests shown a very significant
difference. (2) The spatial vegetation structure and age of stands influence the richness and abundance of the avian fauna
and rabbits, and distance to the nearest tree and shrub was a strong determinant of presence for these animal groups. It is
concluded that continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal and vertical structures of vegetation should
now be included in urban biotope classifications. 相似文献
7.
Hot Spots of Perforated Forest in the Eastern United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
National assessments of forest fragmentation satisfy international biodiversity conventions, but they do not identify specific places where ecological impacts are likely. In this article, we identify geographic concentrations (hot spots) of forest located near holes in otherwise intact forest canopies (perforated forest) in the eastern United States, and we describe the proximate causes in terms of the nonforest land-cover types contained in those hot spots. Perforated forest, defined as a 0.09-ha unit of forest that is located at the center of a 7.29-ha neighborhood containing 60–99% forest with relatively low connectivity, was mapped over the eastern United States by using land-cover maps with roads superimposed. Statistically significant (P < 0.001) hot spots of high perforation rate (perforated area per unit area of forest) were then located by using a spatial scan statistic. Hot spots were widely distributed and covered 20.4% of the total area of the 10 ecological provinces examined, but 50.1% of the total hot-spot area was concentrated in only two provinces. In the central part of the study area, more than 90% of the forest edge in hot spots was attributed to anthropogenic land-cover types, whereas in the northern and southern parts it was more often associated with seminatural land cover such as herbaceous wetlands. 相似文献
8.
Forest Perception and Knowledge of Hikers and Mountain Bikers in Two Different Areas in Northwestern Switzerland 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Recreational activities can have major impacts on vegetation and wildlife in frequently visited forests. We assessed forest perception and knowledge (state, functions, and species diversity) among hikers and mountain bikers in a frequently visited, seminatural suburban recreation forest (Muttenz) and in a more distantly situated, naturally grown excursion forest (Wasserfallen) in northwestern Switzerland. In all, 239 hikers and 126 mountain bikers were interviewed. Mountain bikers in both forests and hikers in the more intensely used recreation forest at Muttenz assessed the state of the forest less optimistically and showed a higher awareness of the negative impact of recreational activities on the flora and fauna than hikers at Wasserfallen. Furthermore, mountain bikers seemed aware of the social conflicts caused by their activity, since they appreciated neutral or positive encounters with other forest visitors. In contrast, 57% of hikers at Muttenz reported on negative experiences with other forest visitors, particularly with mountain bikers. In general, the interviewees ecological and biological forest knowledge (forest type and function, species diversity) was rather high. A large proportion was aware of the pros and cons of different forest conditions for plants and animals, and could name or recognize at least some plant and/or animal species typical for the visited forest. The forest knowledge was neither influenced by the type of recreational activity carried out nor by any aspect of forest visit behavior (frequency and duration of forest visits, means of transportation and travel distance to forest). However, the interviewees forest knowledge was influenced by their age and educational level. 相似文献
9.
We modeled changes in area of five habitats, tidal-freshwater forest, salt marsh, maritime shrub-scrub (shrub), maritime broadleaf
forest (oak) and maritime narrowleaf (pine) forest, in coastal Georgia, USA, to evaluate how simultaneous habitat loss due
to predicted changes in sea level rise (SLR) and urban development will affect priority bird species of the south Atlantic
coastal plain by 2100. Development rates, based on regional growth plans, were modeled at 1% and 2.5% annual urban growth,
while SLR rates, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s A1B mean and maximum scenarios, were modeled at
52 cm and 82 cm, respectively. SLR most greatly affected the shrub habitat with predicted losses of 35–43%. Salt marsh and
tidal forest also were predicted to lose considerable area to SLR (20–45 and 23–35%, respectively), whereas oak and pine forests
had lesser impact from SLR, 18–22% and 11–15%, respectively. Urban development resulted in losses of considerable pine (48–49%)
and oak (53–55%) habitat with lesser loss of shrub habitat (21–24%). Under maximum SLR and urban growth, shrub habitat may
lose up to 59–64% compared to as much as 62–65% pine forest and 74–75% oak forest. Conservation efforts should focus on protection
of shrub habitat because of its small area relative to other terrestrial habitats and use by Painted Buntings (Passerina ciris), a Partners In Flight (PIF) extremely high priority species. Tidal forests also deserve protection because they are a likely
refuge for forest species, such as Northern Parula and Acadian Flycatcher, with the decline of oak and pine forests due to
urban development. 相似文献
10.
Mortimer MJ 《Environmental management》2008,41(5):640-653
Political and legal conflicts between the need for targeted private forest conservation and the continued assurance of private
property rights in the U.S. presents a seemingly intractable resource management problem. Scandinavian use of habitat protection
areas on private forests offers an additional tool that may be suitable for solving the historical and on-going tension found
within U.S. efforts to reconcile desires to maintain lands in a forested condition while also respecting private property
rights. This article presents a comparative cross-sectional policy analysis of Sweden, Finland, and the U.S., supported with
a supplemental case example from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Similarities in all three countries among forest ownership
patterns, use of public subsidies, and changing attitudes towards conservation are generally encouraging. Additionally, Virginia’s
current consideration and development of state-wide forest policies focused on forestland and open space conservation suggests
both a need and an opportunity to systematically assess the applicability of the Nordic forest reserve approach to local private
forest conservation. Future research at a high-resolution, and specifically at the state level, should focus on the social
and political factors that would ultimately determine the viability of a forest reserve program. 相似文献
11.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently
underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest
eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating
individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation
system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge
on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments
in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest
Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and
establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns
into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway
has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies
and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing
an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these
problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence. 相似文献
12.
Madhu Ramnath 《Natural resources forum》2001,25(3):245-256
This article enters the debate on shifting cultivation and tropical forests, and the role of the State forest departments in managing these regions. The article focuses on the adivasi (indigenous) people and their use of forests in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. It examines the different landscapes, resulting from human interaction, in order to observe the vegetative changes and progressions in their characteristics; in particular, the author challenges the view that adivasi forest use has been detrimental to the ecology of the forest. A botanical comparison is made between three sites that allow us to note specific characteristics of a fallow, a secondary forest and a primary sal (Shorea robusta) forest. The wider aspects of the adivasi manner of forest use are also discussed.
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations. 相似文献
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations. 相似文献
13.
Land-use allocation has important implications for the conservation and management of tropical forests. Peru’s forestry regime
has recently been reformed and more than 7 million ha has been assigned as forest concessions. This potentially has a drastic
impact on the land-use practices and species composition of the assigned areas. Nevertheless, the environmental variation
found within the concessions and the process applied to delimit them are poorly studied and documented. Thus, it is difficult
to estimate the biological impacts of forestry activities in concessions or plan them sustainably. This paper reveals the
characteristics of the current concession allocation in Loreto, Peruvian Amazonia, using environmental and access-related
variables and compares the concessions to other major land-use assignments. The work draws on a number of data sets describing
land-use, ecosystem diversity, and fluvial network in the region. According to our data, certain environment types such as
relatively fertile Pebas soils are overrepresented in the concessions, while others, like floodplain forests, are underrepresented
in comparison to other land-use assignments. Concessions also have less anthropogenic disturbance than other areas. Furthermore,
concessions are located on average further from the river network than the other land-use assignments studied. We claim that
forest classification based on productivity, soil fertility, accessibility, and biodiversity patterns is an achievable long-term
goal for forest authorities in Peru, and in many other tropical countries. We present a rough design of a geographic information
system incorporating environmental, logging, and access-related data that could be applied to approach this goal in Peru. 相似文献
14.
Field Validation of a Conservation Network on the Eastern Shore of Maryland,USA, Using Breeding Birds as Bio-Indicators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maryland’s Green Infrastructure (GI) is a network of large, intact natural areas (hubs), interconnected by linear swaths of
riparian or upland vegetation (corridors). The GI serves significant ecological functions and provides the bulk of the state’s
natural support system. This study examined whether the GI as mapped does, in fact, identify Maryland’s most ecologically
valuable forested lands, using forest interior dwelling birds (hereafter called “forest birds”) as bio-indicators. We conducted
bird point counts within forest both inside and outside of hubs on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. We also collected a wide variety
of habitat data. We found that both the condition of a forest and its surrounding landscape influenced the bird communities.
On average, forest bird richness was significantly higher within hubs; furthermore, almost all sites with at least five forest
bird species present were in hubs. Forest bird richness and abundance were highest in undisturbed, mature broadleaf forest
with wetlands and streams nearby. We detected a significant relationship between forest bird richness and the ecological score
of a finer-scale landscape assessment, focused on “cells” of about 0.1 ha in size. This field study also validated the Rapid
Field Assessment (RFA) protocol developed in 2001 to assess, on the ground, the relative condition of individual sites or
properties within the GI. Forest bird richness and abundance were positively correlated with the RFA community scores. Our
results underscore the importance of maintaining regional biological diversity by retaining large blocks of forest, especially
mature forest containing streams and wetlands. 相似文献
15.
In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China,
including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM
implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns
shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged
forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from
the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification.
At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the
achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key
Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests,
a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of
the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China. 相似文献
16.
Yangjian Zhang Hong S. He William D. Dijak Jian Yang Stephen R. Shifley Brian J. Palik 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):312-323
To achieve the overall objective of restoring natural environment and sustainable resource usability, each forest management
practice effect needs to be predicted using a simulation model. Previous simulation efforts were typically confined to public
land. Comprehensive forest management practices entail incorporating interactions between public and private land. To make
inclusion of private land into management planning feasible at the regional scale, this study uses a new method of combining
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data with remotely sensed forest group data to retrieve detailed species composition and
age information for the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Remote sensed forest group and land form data inferred from topography were
integrated to produce distinct combinations (ecotypes). Forest types and size classes were assigned to ecotypes based on their
proportions in the FIA data. Then tree species and tree age determined from FIA subplots stratified by forest type and size
class were assigned to pixels for the entire study area. The resulting species composition map can improve simulation model
performance in that it has spatially explicit and continuous information of dominant and associated species, and tree ages
that are unavailable from either satellite imagery or forest inventory data. In addition, the resulting species map revealed
that public land and private land in Ozark Highlands differ in species composition and stand size. Shortleaf pine is a co-dominant
species in public land, whereas it becomes a minor species in private land. Public forest is older than private forest. Both
public and private forests have deviated from historical forest condition in terms of species composition. Based on possible
reasons causing the deviation discussed in this study, corresponding management avenues that can assist in restoring natural
environment were recommended. 相似文献
17.
Linking linear programming and spatial simulation models to predict landscape effects of forest management alternatives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Forest management planners require analytical tools to assess the effects of alternative strategies on the sometimes disparate benefits from forests such as timber production and wildlife habitat. We assessed the spatial patterns of alternative management strategies by linking two models that were developed for different purposes. We used a linear programming model (Spectrum) to optimize timber harvest schedules, then a simulation model (HARVEST) to project those schedules in a spatially explicit way and produce maps from which the spatial pattern of habitat could be calculated. We demonstrated the power of this approach by evaluating alternative plans developed for a national forest plan revision in Wisconsin, USA. The amount of forest interior habitat was inversely related to the amount of timber cut, and increased under the alternatives compared to the current plan. The amount of edge habitat was positively related to the amount of timber cut, and increased under all alternatives. The amount of mature northern hardwood interior and edge habitat increased for all alternatives, but mature pine habitat area varied. Mature age classes of all forest types increased, and young classes decreased under all alternatives. The average size of patches (defined by age class) generally decreased. These results are consistent with the design goals of each of the alternatives, but reveal that the spatial differences among the alternatives are modest. These complementary models are valuable for quantifying and comparing the spatial effects of alternative management strategies. 相似文献
18.
Deforestation Projections for Carbon-Rich Peat Swamp Forests of Central Kalimantan,Indonesia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We evaluated three spatially explicit land use and cover change (LUCC) models to project deforestation from 2005–2020 in the
carbon-rich peat swamp forests (PSF) of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Such models are increasingly used to evaluate the impact
of deforestation on carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. We considered both business-as-usual (BAU) and
a forest protection scenario to evaluate each model’s accuracy, sensitivity, and total projected deforestation and landscape-level
fragmentation patterns. The three models, Dinamica EGO (DE), GEOMOD and the Land Change Modeler (LCM), projected similar total
deforestation amounts by 2020 with a mean of 1.01 million ha (Mha) and standard deviation of 0.17 Mha. The inclusion of a
0.54 Mha strict protected area in the LCM simulations reduced projected loss to 0.77 Mha over 15 years. Calibrated parameterizations
of the models using nearly identical input drivers produced very different landscape properties, as measured by the number
of forest patches, mean patch area, contagion, and Euclidean nearest neighbor determined using Fragstats software. The average
BAU outputs of the models suggests that Central Kalimantan may lose slightly less than half (45.1%) of its 2005 PSF by 2020
if measures are not taken to reduce deforestation there. The relatively small reduction of 0.24 Mha in deforestation found
in the 0.54 Mha protection scenario suggests that these models can identify potential leakage effects in which deforestation
is forced to occur elsewhere in response to a policy intervention. 相似文献
19.
Hudson’s Bay Company records were used to estimate the 1786–1911 annual number of moose (Alces alces andersonii) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) involved in trade by northern Ojibwa natives to the company post at Osnaburgh House (51°10′N 90°15′W) in northwest Ontario,
Canada. The human population for the early 19th century, and the number and severity of human starvations from 1786 to 1911
were estimated. The extent of forest fires in the region around Osnaburgh was documented using a “fire-day” index computed
from Hudson’s Bay Company journals and using qualitative archival information. It is argued that the human population was
too small to have caused the observed early 19th century moose and caribou population decline solely through predation. Likewise,
severe early 19th century famines were caused by climatic factors rather than by declines in moose and caribou numbers. Habitat
change caused by increased forest fires correlates with the observed decline of caribou, while moose increased and subsequently
collapsed as winter shelter was destroyed. A burgeoning human population, sustained during winter food shortages on potatoes
donated by the Hudson’s Bay Company, then kept ungulate populations to low levels until the late 19th century. Only then did
maturing forests and a new outbreak of fires provide renewed habitat for resurgences of, respectively, caribou and moose. 相似文献
20.
According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004–2008), China’s forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36%
of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country
with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects,
plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically
important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a
considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies
always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive
overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the
current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major
national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National
Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss
three representative plantations—Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations—with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures. 相似文献