餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物混合堆肥的试用

以餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物堆肥作为种植基质,研究了其不同堆肥比例对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)生长的影响。结果表明,将不同基质组分别施用后,黑麦草各项生长指标(植株高度、盖度、地上和地下生物量(干重))均良好,其中2#基质(80%土壤+20%堆肥)施用效果优于1#(90%土壤+10%堆肥)和3#(70%土壤+30%堆肥)基质。对比不同堆肥对黑麦草生长的影响发现,(80%+20%)堆肥6处理的黑麦草地上和地下生物量最大,分别约为40 g和28 g,第三茬草地上生物量(干重)与对照组相比增幅为164.3%,盖度达到了98%。本研究确定了堆肥和土壤的最佳配比以及最佳堆肥类型,不但可以解决其资源化再利用的问题,而且植物生长良好,表明该技术在城市绿化中具有一定的应用前景。     

餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物换向通风好氧堆肥

以某高校餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物为原料,利用一种换向通风的堆肥降解装置对其进行好氧堆肥处理,研究了2个进气温度(35℃、45℃)和3个通风速率(1.5、2.5和4 m3/h)6个处理组对堆肥原料理化性质(堆体温度、含水率、pH值、有机质含量、C/N、种子发芽指数)的影响。餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物进行15 d好氧堆肥后,pH值上升到7左右,有机质含量达到20%~80%,C/N都降到20以下,种子发芽指数均大于50%。经过1个月腐熟,其含水率≤30%。上述指标符合有机肥料标准(NY525-2011)的要求,该堆肥产物可用于园林绿地,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。本研究结果表明,将城市餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物混合后进行好氧堆肥是废弃物处理的高效工程,具有良好的发展前景。     

Cemetery waste as a substream of municipal waste: research and structure of the selective waste collection in Poland

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cemetery waste (CW) constitutes one of the streams of municipal waste (MW). Based on the available data, it can be said that it accounts for about 1%...     

固体废物相关概念的基本特点

固体废物法对废物的一些概念进行了定义,在固体废物环境管理当中,对这些概念缺乏深入认识,导致在实际管理中对固体废物和危险废物的调查、认定、统计、管理、预测、设施建设等一系列与废物相关的行动出现偏差甚至不准确。对固体废物、危险废物以及废物利用、处置、贮存、排放等概念包含的内容进行了研究,提出了一些新的认识观点。     

Co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit–vegetable waste by two-phase anaerobic digestion

The high salinity and fat contents of kitchen waste (KW) inhibits the effect of two-phase anaerobic digestion system. This research introduces fruit–vegetable waste (FVW) to alleviate the inhibition effect caused by salinity and fat concentrations, and tries to achieve an optimal addition ratio of FVW, an optimal hydraulic remain time (HRT) of acidogenic-phase reactor and methanogenic-phase reactor. A two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) system was developed to co-dispose KW and FVW. Four sets of experiments were run with different mass proportions between KW and FVW (25–75, 50–50, 75–25, and 100–0 %?m/m). Considering the biodegradation rate and the acidification degree, the system with 25 % KW had the best performance during the acidogenic phase. When the system was run with 50 % KW, it not only had the best stability performance but also had a bigger capacity to treat KW than the system with 25 % KW. The system with 50 % KW was the best ratio in this two-phase AD system. Co-digestion of KW and FVW by two-phase AD is feasible. The addition of FVW can reduce the inhibition effect caused by salinity and fat concentrations, reduce the HRT, and lead to a higher degree of acidification.     

稻秸、餐厨垃圾及人粪尿混合厌氧发酵

采用批次及批次与半连续耦合的发酵方法,35℃条件下,研究了稻秸与餐厨垃圾、人粪尿混合物(简称生活污水,下文同)的不同混合比例以及生活污水不同负荷对稻秸产沼气性能及污水中粪大肠菌群去除率的影响。结果表明:在发酵总固体浓度(TS)为16%条件下,稻秸与生活污水混合比例为1∶1.72(W/W)时,稻秸TS产气量达到377 mL/g,比稻秸与生活污水比为1∶3.44的处理高7.71%,比单一稻秸高24.42%;在稻秸TS浓度为10%条件下,生活污水有机负荷(OLR)从0.5 g COD/(L.d)逐步提高到4.0 g COD/(L.d),其厌氧发酵系统运行正常,与单一稻秸发酵相比,容积产气效率提高,且沼气中甲烷含量提高近20%,与单一生活污水厌氧发酵相比,生活污水COD去除率基本一致,均超过80%,但是随着污水有机负荷的增加,粪大肠菌群去除率由99.4%下降到了86.0%,出水中粪大肠菌群未达到国家允许的1×104个/mL排放标准。     

危险废物分级管理方法研究

危险废物因具有毒性、易燃性、腐蚀性和反应性等多种危害特性,如果暴露于环境中将会对人类健康和生态环境造成很大威胁.深入分析了欧美等一些国家对危险废物进行分级管理的方法,针对中国目前危险废物的产生现状和管理现状,提出了综合考虑危险废物的产生量和活性大小等各个方面,借助风险评价对危险废物进行分级管理的方法和原则,以及相应的分级管理程序的建议,为完善中国的危险废物管理体系提供参考.     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K33株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高。通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用。微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中。与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%。     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K3 3株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高.通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用.微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中.与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%.     

Biomethanation of tobacco waste

Tobacco is an important cash crop produced in considerable quantities in India. During cigarette manufacturing large quantities of tobacco waste are produced annually and its disposal is a serious ecological problem. In the present study a process for the biodegradation of tobacco waste, under methanogenic conditions, was developed so that environmental pollution can be reduced while producing biogas as a useful energy source. The methanogenic bacterial consortium developed for the anaerobic degradation of tobacco waste without any chemical pretreatment in a single stage digester at 15 days HRT (hydraulic retention time) has been successfully scaled-up to install a 10 m(3) biogas plant. The gas yields (1 kg(-1 TS fed) day(-1)) varied from 169 to 282 depending on the ambient temperatures. The methane content in the biogas produced was 60%. The pH and VFA content of the digested slurry were 6.8 +/- 0.1 and 599 mg litre(-1), respectively. Nicotine, COD and BOD reductions were 75, 60 and 80%, respectively.     

Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management

There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.     

垃圾分类背景下厨余垃圾剔除比例对生活垃圾焚烧厂NOx排放的影响

收集了生活垃圾焚烧厂关停SNCR时燃料的N排放数据以及与之对应的工况和燃料特性数据,并分析各影响因素对燃料N转化过程中不同环节的影响机理.结果表明,在工业化生产中,燃料N转化率与炉温、垃圾含水率之间不存在显著联系,而随N元素含量和固定碳含量的增加而降低,随过剩空气系数、H/N、O/N的增加而升高.据此提出了符合实际生产条件的燃料N转化路径图.该路径图表明,燃料特性对燃料N转化率和NOx生成浓度起到了决定性作用,并进一步量化了H/N和固定碳含量这2个参数与燃料N转化率之间的关系.提出通过将厨余垃圾从生活垃圾分出的方法来减少NOx生成,并以国内典型城市为例,研究了分出不同比例厨余垃圾的情况下,燃料N转化率和NOx生成浓度的变化趋势.本研究表明通过分出厨余垃圾的方法,能够降低垃圾焚烧厂的脱硝成本及氨逃逸风险,可为进一步控制生活垃圾焚烧过程中的NOx排放提供参考.     

Research and development to improve naval shipboard waste management using a compact closed-loop-controlled waste incinerator

Research has been conducted into the application of forced acoustics for enhancing the performance of a pyrolyzed waste afterburner configured as a dump combustor. Subscale studies showed that acoustic forcing of an air jet entering a dump chamber could trigger the formation of coherent vortices generated by entrainment of ambient gases. Subsequent studies showed that combustible gases could be introduced into the coherent vortices, and with additional modulation this configuration would lead to an enhanced combustion rate with low emissions of pollutants. The acoustically forced burner concept was scaled up to practical levels and tested as an afterburner on a commercial waste incinerator operating in pyrolysis mode. Results show that the afterburner can promote both compactness, due to the rapid combustion rate, and low pollutant emissions resulting from enhanced mixing prior to combustion.     

废柴油再生工艺废弃物的固化实验

废弃油基钻井液中废柴油再生工艺产生的废渣废液具有高COD和高色度等特点,直接外排对环境危害严重。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了该废弃物的最佳固化配方为:水泥∶粉煤灰为3∶2,水泥和粉煤灰加量30%,石膏加量1.5%,硫酸铝加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,废弃物浸出液的COD由10 062 mg/L降至62 mg/L,色度由500倍降至8倍,各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约120元/m3。通过固化体的宏观照片和微观SEM照片对固化机理进行了分析,结果表明,废弃物被稳固地包裹在固化体之中。     

电子与电器废弃物资源化处理技术

当今世界电子、电器工业快速发展,层出不穷的技术创新与持续膨胀的市场需求加速了电子与电器设备的更新换代,产生了大量的电子与电器废弃物(WEEE).鉴于WEEE所带来的严重的环境问题及其所含有的金属、贵金属、塑料及玻璃等高利用价值的材料,对WEEE进行资源化再循环处理已成为人们关注的热点.WEEE组成材料在密度、铁磁性、导电性等物理性质方面的较大差异使采用环境友好的机械物理方法对其进行资源化再循环处理成为可能.就WEEE拆解及其所含物质机械物理分离研究进展进行了综述.