辽河流域环境要素对水生态的影响

为了分析流域内气候、地形地貌和人类活动对水生态的影响,分别于2009年8月和2010年6月对辽河流域76个采样点的鱼类和底栖动物进行了调查采样。运用统计学的相关分析和典型相关分析,从流域尺度分别建立了气候、地形地貌、土地利用类型与鱼类和底栖动物生物多样性的关联。结果表明,鱼类多样性与年均日照时数、草地用地比例、耕地用地比例、城市用地呈显著负相关,与多年平均降水量、相对湿度和水域的用地比例呈显著正相关;底栖多样性与年均日照时数、林地、草地、耕地用地比例呈显著负相关,与坡度、NDVI、多年平均降水量、相对湿度和水域的用地比例呈显著正相关。典型相关分析表明对水生生生物影响最大的环境要素是多年平均温度、坡度和水域用地。     

庵里水库湿地生态健康的生物学评价

近三、四十年来,庵里水库湿地受人类活动影响,健康状况退化严重,危及流域内社会经济的协调发展。通过背景资料收集、野外采样、实验室鉴定与分析,主要利用生物学指标数据的95th百分位标准化指标数据,用简单加和法计算综合指数,根据流域内生态健康等级评价庵里水库湿地生态健康状况。结果表明:(1)庵里水库湿地生态健康状况一般;(2)不同种类的底栖大型无脊椎动物对环境的适应能力、耐受力和敏感程度不同,底栖大型无脊椎动物的结构、种类、数量能够客观地反映栖息地健康;(3)利用样点数据百分位进行指数标准化和生态健康级别划分,能够体现评价标准的区域性特征;(4)限于条件,底栖大型无脊椎动物分类鉴定粗略,进一步降低底栖动物的分类单元是提高生态健康评价准确性的重要措施之一。研究结果可为庵里水库的生态研究、综合管理提供科学依据。     

南京仙林新市区土地利用结构与格局对湿地水环境氮、磷影响研究

以南京仙林新市区典型湿地为例,综合考虑湿地生态系统特点及其集水区内土地利用情况,根据湿地受城市化影响程度,将10个典型城市湿地分为农村型、城郊型和城市型三大类,采用RDA分析方法,研究城市湿地氮、磷与不同土地利用类型和格局的相互关系.结果表明:1农村型湿地水质最好,城郊型次之,而城市型湿地水质明显劣于农村型与城郊型.2各类型湿地TP、TN浓度均表现为湿季大于干季特征.其中,农村型与城郊型湿地TP浓度干湿季差异较城市型明显;而TN浓度干湿季节变化则呈现相反规律.3湿地水质受到多种土地利用类型和格局的综合影响.在土地利用方面,TP、TN浓度在干、湿季节均与不透水用地呈显著正相关,与草地、林地和湿地均表现为负相关,并且湿地与水质指标的负相关性较草地、林地显著.在土地利用格局方面,TP、TN浓度在干、湿季均与平均斑块形状呈负相关,与斑块密度、多样性指数为正相关;在景观相邻性影响方面,土地利用格局与TN浓度关系密切,湿季呈负相关,干季为正相关.     

太子河流域土地利用对大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的影响

水生生物群落功能结构研究不仅是河流生态学的基础,也有助于更好地剖析水生生物对环境压力的响应关系.为探明土地利用对大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）的影响,于2009年5月对太子河流域47个采样点（6个参照样点、41个受损样点）的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其FFGs结构及与流域土地利用类型（森林用地、草业用地、农业用地和城镇用地）和环境因子的关系.结果表明:①受损样点的ALT（海拔）、WT（水温）、EC、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（PO₄3--P）均显著高于参照样点.②受损样点捕食者、刮食者与撕食者的相对丰度、丰富度及密度、直接收集者丰富度、刮食者的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou指数、直接收集者与捕食者Margalef指数和刮食者Simpson指数均显著低于参照样点,而直接收集者的相对丰度则显著高于参照样点.③Spearman相关性分析结果表明,农业用地和城镇用地比例增加会造成河流水质恶化及大型底栖动物FFGs结构发生变化.④CCA结果表明,EC是影响大型底栖动物FFGs结构分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,大型底栖动物FFGs对太子河流域农业活动与城镇化的响应敏感,可以为利用大型底栖动物FFGs监测流域环境压力提供理论支持.      

滇池流域土地利用对入湖河流水质的影响

利用滇池流域2008年TM影像数据和入湖河流67个监测点的水质数据,以子流域为基本研究单元,从子流域综合分析和子流域分类分析两个角度,研究土地利用类型(国家分类标准)对入湖河流水质的影响.结果表明,21个子流域单元的水质污染指标(CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N)与居民点及工矿用地呈显著正相关,与耕地、林地、草地呈负相关.对整个流域而言,城镇及工矿用地是入湖河流水质污染的主要来源,其污染贡献掩盖了耕地的贡献;根据土地利用结构和空间分布格局的差异,将滇池流域的21个子流域分为3类(城镇及工矿用地为主、耕地为主、林地为主).分类分析表明,水质污染指标与居民点及工矿用地始终呈现正相关,与林地始终呈现负相关.同时,讨论了土地利用空间格局差异对水质的影响,说明土地利用比例结构和分布格局对水质亦具有重要影响,     

大型底栖动物生物评价指数比较与应用

采用不同生物指数评价河流健康,结果往往有差异,如何识别各种生物指数的关系和适用性成为亟待解决的问题.基于太子河流域大型底栖动物群落研究,比较了5种大型底栖动物生物指数评价结果的差异.结果表明,5种指数具有极显著的相关性,但由于健康等级划分标准差异,造成不同指数的健康评价等级存在一定差异.同时分析了不同指数对不同类型人为活动影响的敏感性,研究其在河流健康评价中的适用性.结果表明在太子河流域中,BI指数与土地利用类型和溶氧具有较好的相关关系,对这两类的干扰具有较好的指示作用;FBI指数对酸污染和氨氮污染具有较强的指示作用;ASPT指数与耗氧相关的水质指标有较强的负相关;B-IBI指数与总氮呈显著的负相关关系,可较好指示氮污染,而且B-IBI指数与其他类型人为干扰活动均呈显著的相关关系,对土地利用和水质污染也具有较好的指示作用.综上所述,大型底栖动物BI指数和ASPT指数应该分别适用于评价流域土地利用和水化学指标对河流生态系统的影响,而B-IBI可用于评估多种类型人为干扰活动.     

草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响

识别主要污染物和污染源对草海湿地生态系统的保护与管理具有重要的现实意义.基于2012年5—10月6个小流域的水质观测数据、土地利用结构与景观格局指数,研究了草海湿地入湖小流域氮、磷输出的时空变化规律及其与景观格局的关系,以期为草海湿地综合治理提供参考.结果表明,草海湿地北面建设用地面积比例呈西北、东南方向逐渐降低和景观破碎度逐渐减小的趋势,具有明显的城市-城郊-农村的景观格局梯度,景观格局影响流域水质.多元统计分析表明,小流域氮磷输出受景观组成属性和空间属性综合影响,城镇建设用地百分比与TN、TP和COD呈显著正相关关系(r分别为0.995、0.978和0.996,p0.01),景观破碎度(CONTAG、ED、MPS)和多样性(SHDI)与水质(TN、TP、COD)具有显著的相关关系,CCA的第一排序轴解释了建设用地面积比例、景观指数与水质指标相关性的96.0%.可见,威宁城镇化快速发展威胁了草海湿地生态安全,需进行草海周边城镇化进程的调整和控制.     

济南市土地利用变化及生态服务价值时空演变分析

通过2010～2016年济南市土地利用变化情况,研究土地利用和其生态服务价值,分析生态服务价值与社会经济因素的相关性。结果表明:济南市以耕地和城镇村及工矿用地为主;城镇村及工矿用地、交通运输用地面积有所增加,其他均减少;土地利用强度有上升趋势,但幅度较小;土地利用格局指数无明显波动;生态服务价值中耕地、水域、林地价值量最大;生态系统服务总价值及强度均逐年降低;生态服务价值强度指标与土地利用格局和人口无相关性;与土地与土地利用程度、GDP、GDP强度指标呈负相关;单位面积生态服务价值与土地利用程度呈弱相关、与GDP呈强相关、与GDP强度指标呈极强相关;人均生态服务价值与土地利用程度和GDP呈中等程度相关、与GDP强度指标呈极强相关。     

辽河流域典型支流土地利用方式对大型底栖动物群落时空分布特征的影响

通过辽河流域典型支流(清河和凡河)不同土地利用类型区3个水期大型底栖动物及环境因子调查,研究土地利用方式对大型底栖动物分布特征的影响.结果表明,河流大型底栖动物群落四节蜉科(Baetidae)、扁蜉科(Heptageniidae)、纹石蛾科(Hydropsychidae)及石蝇科(Perlidae)等生物类群主要分布在辽河流域内林地为主的河流中;以耕地和居民点为主的土地利用方式下,河流大型底栖动物主要以摇蚊科(Chironomidae)类群为主;颤蚓科(Tubificidae)等寡毛类大型底栖动物在以城市发展为主的土地利用区域内河流中优势明显.河流中大型底栖动物生物多样性、丰富度及EPT%由高到低依次为林地耕地居民点城市,FBI值由低到高依次为林地耕地居民点城市.不同土地利用方式导致河流生境因子空间差异性显著,大型底栖动物群落相似性较低,且生物密度在空间上呈显著差异,但时间上差异不显著.底质、DO与大型底栖动物多样性等指数呈正相关关系,TN、TP、NH3-N、BOD5、CODCr与大型底栖动物生物指数呈不同程度负相关关系.生物与环境联合分析(BIO-ENV)表明,底质、DO、TN、BOD5是影响区域内大型底栖动物群落特征的最显著的主导环境因子.综合上述研究结果可得,土地利用方式通过对河流生境及水质产生影响,进而使大型底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征发生明显变化.     

太子河流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区的划分

流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区是实施流域层面水生生物多样性保护的重要依据. 以太子河流域为研究对象,开展分区指标筛选技术方法研究,通过指标的空间变异性、主导性及其与水生态因子相关性分析,从年均气温、年降水量、年蒸发量、高程、坡度、坡向和NDVI(归一化植被指数)等备选分区指标中筛选出适宜分区指标,在此基础上采用ISODATA(迭代自组织数据分析方法)非监督分类方法划分了太子河水生态功能Ⅱ级区. 结果表明,高程和NDVI具有良好的空间敏感性、主导性以及与水生态因子的相关性,可以反映地貌和植被对太子河水生态系统的影响,是太子河流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区划分的适宜指标. 采用上述指标可将太子河流域划分为3个水生态功能Ⅱ级区:①上游山地森林河流水生态亚区,平均海拔511m,区内以浅水性鱼类和激流性大型底栖动物为主;②中游丘陵森林河流水生态亚区,平均海拔282m,区内以溪流性鱼类和缓流性大型底栖动物为主;③下游平原农业河流水生态亚区,平均海拔65m,区内多受人类活动干扰,以耐污性大型底栖动物为主,少见鱼类.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.