垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广,焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性,论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料,飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类,水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度,飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

环境中多环芳烃的分析

文章对环境中的多环芳烃,尤其是大气、土壤、水体中的多环芳烃研究进展进行综述,包括了室内室外多环芳烃的浓度,以及几十年来的变迁,简述了多环芳烃的检测标准及其适用性、多环芳烃的分离与富集、迁移和转化方式,并对环境样品中多环芳烃的富集做了描述。     

硅基纳米凝胶固化重金属的实验研究

本文利用硅基纳米凝胶与冶炼渣,研制了一种硅基纳米稀土凝胶固化物来固化/稳定重金属,采用浸出实验研究了硅基纳米凝胶技术对重金属的固化/稳定效果,并进一步探讨了重金属的迁移机制和长期安全性。研究表明：碳酸锂渣经过硅基纳米稀土凝胶技术固化形成硅基纳米稀土凝胶固化物后,经硫酸硝酸法浸出实验,重金属浸出浓度远低于规定的上限值,锁定率均在93.5%以上,而且各种耐久性能远超普通混凝土,安全性优良。因此,硅基纳米凝胶可以成为固化/稳定化有害元素的可靠材料。     

石油对农作物影响的研究

文章介绍了石油对于农作物影响的试验研究。通过测定田间和盆栽植物体中重金属、有机污染物和籽实中的营养成分和生长发育状况，并与大庆地区相应的农作物相比较表明：植物中的污染物随着土壤中石油浓度增加而增加，而与多环芳烃无正相关性，其含量水平均在本地区正常范围内，石油在试验的特定浓度条件下，对作物的生长发育有促进作用，同时促进淀粉、蛋白质的合成。     

多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准研究——辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)的建立及其依据

为指导正确评价多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复效果及环境风险,根据辽宁省农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况、多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复技术特点,参考国内外相关标准,应用生态风险模型,建立辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)——多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准,提出了生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度和苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度限值。主要内容为:生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度低于2 mg/kg,生态修复完成后农田土壤中苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度低于0.53 mg/kg。     

矿业活动固体废弃物中重金属溶出迁移规律研究进展

近年来,矿渣等矿业活动中产生的固体废弃物被作为建筑材料利用于公路铺设,桥梁修筑等市政工程中,不仅实现了资源再生利用,而且一定程度上缓解了资源短缺的局面。然而,该类固体废物中的重金属成分无疑是潜在的环境风险源,因此,研究重金属在自然环境中的溶出迁移规律对于降低环境污染风险至关重要。从重金属在矿渣中迁移转化机理出发,基于各国现行固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法的比较分析,综述了国内外学者关于重金属存在形态、pH值、粒径大小、液固比等因素对重金属溶出迁移迁移影响的研究现状,分析了各影响因素对重金属溶出的潜在影响,其中重金属存在形态与pH值作为控制性因子受到了广泛关注。     

宝鸡市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃污染及健康风险评价

利用高效液相色谱联合荧光检测器分析宝鸡市PM2. 5中16种EPA优控多环芳烃。研究结果表明PM2. 5中高环多环芳烃浓度高于低环多环芳烃,SPSS分析得出PM2. 5的浓度与多环芳烃浓度呈正相关。用比值分析得到宝鸡市多环芳烃的主要来源是煤炭燃烧和汽车尾气。计算多环芳烃的毒性当量(TEQ)和致癌风险评价,结果显示宝鸡市除了婴儿外其他年龄段的人群都存在不同的潜在致癌风险。     

水洗及酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性的影响

以上海江桥和老港两家垃圾焚烧厂飞灰为研究对象,基于固体废物浸出毒性的醋酸缓冲溶液浸出法(HJ/T300-2007),研究了水洗和酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb等重金属元素浸出特性的影响,并结合XRD、SEM和EDS分析了飞灰在水洗和酸洗过程中矿物相组成和颗粒形态的变化,探索其与重金属浸出特性的关系。结果表明,水洗灰(GWF)和酸洗灰(AWF)中重金属含量的变化取决于重金属向液相转移以及在固相中浓缩这两种不同机制的共同作用。Pb向液相转移的作用大于浓缩作用,而Cr、Cu和Cd则相反。同GPF (原灰)和GWF (水洗飞灰)相比,AWF (酸洗飞灰)中产生了新的针状晶体;由于浓缩作用,水洗飞灰中元素硅明显增加,酸洗飞灰中Cu、Cr、Cd等重金属含量明显增加,Pb含量变化不大。决定重金属元素浸出能力的关键因素是各种重金属元素在飞灰中的存在形式,而不是其在飞灰中的绝对含量。pH值对飞灰中重金属的浸出具有较大影响,GWF的浸出毒性弱,AWF的浸出毒性强。水洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有减弱作用,而酸洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有增强作用。对于上海江桥和老港焚烧厂飞灰,水洗能够降低其Cr的浸出特性,酸洗处理后,Cd和Pb的浸出毒性超过卫生填埋标准。     

东营市大气颗粒物中有机污染物的色谱－质谱分析

报道了应用气相色谱和气相色谱。质谱联用法对东营市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分析结果，实际分析中共鉴定出正构烷烃２１种，多环芳烃６３种。定量测定结果表明，东营市冬季大气颗粒物中的总正构烷烃浓度和苯并（ａ）芘浓度均低于国内其他大城市。     

污泥砖重金属浸出研究

通过对两种不同来源的污泥与粘土在不同的工艺参数下制成的水处理污泥砖进行毒性浸出实验,尝试探究制砖过程中污泥掺量和烧结温度参数对常见重金属浸出浓度的影响,为烧结制砖技术的发展提供依据,为环境安全性评价提供参考。结果表明,不同重金属的毒性浸出情况受污泥掺量因素影响存在明显差异,如污泥掺量从15%提高至20%,铬元素浸出浓度提高1.2倍,Cu、Zn元素浸出浓度分别减少63.0%和50.5%;不同重金属元素经过高温焙烧后的迁移表现各不相同。     

生活垃圾焚烧中重金属行为的研究进展

垃圾中的金属以氧化物、氮化物、碳化物及其它形态转移到焚烧产物如烟气、飞灰和底灰中，需严格控制焚烧过程中重金属的排放，故清楚了解金属在焚烧中的行为是很必要的。经研究发现，飞灰中重金属含量远远大于底灰中的含量，因此以垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理为目标，分析了目前国内外处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法和重金属在各种影响因素下的行为，并进行了比较，为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

Environmental and economic analysis of management systems for biodegradable waste

The management system for solid and liquid organic waste affects the environment and surrounding technical systems in several ways. In order to decrease the environmental impact and resource use, biological waste treatment and alternative solutions for sewage treatment are often advocated. These alternatives include increased agricultural use of waste residuals. To analyse whether such proposed systems indicate improvements for the environment and its sustainability, systems analysis is a useful method. The changes in environmental impact and resource use is not only a result of changes in waste treatment methods, but also largely a result of changes in surrounding systems (energy and agriculture) caused by changes in waste management practices. In order to perform a systems analysis, a substance-flow simulation model, the organic waste research model (ORWARE), has been used. The results are evaluated by using methodology from life cycle assessment (LCA). An economic analysis was also performed on three of the studied scenarios. The management system for solid organic waste and sewage in the municipality of Uppsala, Sweden, was studied. Three scenarios for different treatments of solid waste were analysed: incineration with heat recovery, composting, and anaerobic digestion. These three scenarios included conventional sewage treatment. A fourth scenario reviewed was anaerobic digestion of solid waste, using urine-separating toilets and separate handling of the urine fraction. The results are only valid for the case study and under the assumptions made. In this case study anaerobic digestion result in the lowest environmental impact of all the solid waste management systems, but is costly. Economically, incineration with heat recovery is the cheapest way to treat solid waste. Composting gives environmental advantages compared to incineration methods, without significantly increased costs. Urine separation, which may be implemented together with any solid waste treatment, has great advantages, particularly in its low impact on the environment. However, there is a large increase in acidification.     

湿法预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及风险影响研究

以某典型城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为研究对象,采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪（ICP）测定了焚烧飞灰的主要成分、矿物学组成和重金属含量,探讨了湿法预处理工艺对飞灰的化学组成、矿物学形态、化学形态及风险水平的影响.结果表明,飞灰的主要化学组成为O、Ca、Cl、Na、K等,占飞灰总质量的93.54％,其次含有0.04％ ～0.68％的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr等微量重金属元素;经过湿法预处理,飞灰中可溶性氯盐具有较好的去除效果,且几乎所有重金属元素的不稳定形态（弱酸提取态和可还原态）比例都有一定程度的减少,有效降低了重金属的毒性、生物有效性及环境风险水平.本研究有助于降低焚烧飞灰的环境风险和探寻其资源化的有效途径.     

Utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) ash in cement and mortar

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of waste materials generated these days. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, recycling/utilization of these materials have become an attractive alternative to disposal. Some of these waste and hazardous materials could possible be used in cement-based materials. One of such waste is municipal solid waste. Ash is obtained after incineration of MSW.This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition, elemental analysis of ash obtained from MSW. It also covers the effect of MSW ash on the hydration characteristics, setting times, compressive strength, sulfate resistance and mass loss of cement and mortar. It also deals with the leachate analysis of MSW ash.     

Assessing environmental impacts of municipal solid waste of Johor by analytical hierarchy process

The views of the public on solid waste bound to be generated in Johor Bahru Malaysia are presented and appraised. This is because of the massive development currently going on to transform the city to an international standing by the year 2025. For this reason, attempts to raise stakeholder awareness on the need to embrace on how best to manage the current problem with reduced impacts to the environment currently and in the future was attempted. Data were collected through contacts and questionnaire survey. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique was used to structure and assess the views and judgments of stakeholders on the environmental impacts of solid waste disposal. SuperDecision software was used to generate and compute results of stakeholder's judgments. The assessment revealed that fauna and flora, habitat depletion and land use among the criteria are most critical environmental impacts. Landfilling, recycling, incineration and composting were evaluated in terms of the environmental impacts. The choice of incineration is perceived to improve environmental visibility, preserves fauna and flora as well as stream ecology, improves environmental air quality and optimizes land use. Similarly, recycling of waste, is perceived to preserves fauna and flora, stream ecology, habitat depletion, improves air quality as well as land use. Composting is perceived to be the best option in terms of preservation of stream ecology, habitat depletion and land use practice. Landfill generates less noise and vibration but found to be responsible for more than 50% of the environmental impacts created by solid waste in this area. Composting and recycling are mostly preferred to landfilling and incineration and the reason why this is so was provided. The study also identified challenges ahead and highlights that benefits attached to some vital disposal options (such as incineration) are yet to be fully implemented.     

Assessing determinants of industrial waste reuse: The case of coal ash in the United States

Devising effective strategies to facilitate waste reuse depends on the solid understanding of reuse behaviors. However, previous studies of reuse behavior have been limited in scope, focusing mostly on household recycling behaviors or very limited types of industrial wastes. To gain a better understanding of the business reuse behaviors, this study examined the impact of various factors in technical, economic, regulatory, and behavioral categories in the case of coal ash generated in the United States. The results of fixed effect models for fly ash and bottom ash particularly showed the significance role of the behavioral factor. In both models, a proxy variable, which represents knowledge sharing among the power plants or the utility's decision-making, turned out to be statistically significant and had the largest coefficient estimates among a group of variables. This finding may imply that the characteristics of waste reuse behavior are determined more by business decision-making behaviors than by market or institutional factors. However, the role of the behavioral variable was stronger in the bottom ash models than in the fly ash models. While the reuse of bottom ash was determined primarily by the behavioral variable, fly ash reuse was determined by more diverse factors including economic and regulatory variables. This could be explained by material characteristics in relation to competing resources and the nature of reuse applications.     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.     

双回路热解炉垃圾焚烧NOx排放特性研究

本文利用双回路立式热解焚烧炉对某地区的垃圾进行试验研究,通过调节过量空气系数,一、二次风机的风量等参数,研究双回路热解炉垃圾焚烧NOx排放特性.结果表明：焚烧炉的二燃室温度能够达到850℃,烟气停留时间超过2秒,燃烧灰的热灼减率小于3％.随着引风机风量系数的增加,烟气中NOx的含量先增加后减少;二燃室的温度先升高后降低.     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.