以有机酸为共基质硝基酚厌氧生物降解性研究

在中温厌氧消化条件下，以有机酸(乙酸与丙酸的混合酸)为共基质，通过测定甲烷累积产量，研究了2-硝基酚、2，4-二硝基酚的厌氧生物降解性。试验条件为：温度35℃，COD1100～1200mg／L，pH7．0～7．5，COD／VSS为0．1，接种污泥未驯化，其产甲烷活性CH4／VSS为195mL／g。研究结果表明，在所选的浓度范围内(≤44mg／L)，2-硝基酚对产甲烷过程没有产生抑制作用；2，4-二硝基酚是抑制性较强的物质，浓度为12～20mg／L时产生中度抑制，大于28mg／L时产生重度抑制。     

废水中2,6-二硝基酚厌氧毒性和降解动力学研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇实验方法,研究了2,6-二硝基酚(2,6-DNP)的厌氧产甲烷毒性和厌氧降解动力学.厌氧毒性试验(ATA)以累计产甲烷量和相对活性(RA)为指标,评价了不同浓度2,6-DNP对产甲烷菌的抑制程度;结果表明,2,6-DNP浓度＜20 mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有抑制作用,浓度为40 mg/L时产生轻度抑制,浓度为80～120 mg/L时产生重度抑制;24 h 2,6-DNP的75%、50%、25%相对抑制浓度分别为30、70和＞120 mg/L.2,6-DNP降解动力学可用Haldane方程来描述,利用非线性拟合求得动力学参数Ks、Rm、Ki分别为179.7 mg/L、4.84 mg/g VSS·h、206.5 mg/L,方差R2=0.94,拟合效果很好.     

城市垃圾焚烧渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧EGSB处理效果的影响

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器（EGSB）处理效果的影响，并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明，进水COD为17000mg／L的条件下，当Ca2＋浓度低于6000mg／L时，EGSB对COD去除率达93％以上；当Ca2＋浓度高于6000mg／L时，COD去除率随运行时间明显下降，并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明，废水中低浓度Ca2＋促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性，但高浓度Ca2＋明显抑制了其产甲烷活性，这是导致高Ca2＋浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明，颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2＋浓度增加而减弱。     

高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响

研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明,COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小;当氨氮浓度<3600mg/L时,不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响;氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50%抑制浓度为4350mg/L;高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加;当氨氮浓度由4800mg/L降低到2000mg/L后,受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。     

UASB处理硫酸盐有机废水的启动

为了考察上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)处理含硫酸盐有机废水的特性,采用有效容积为10 L的UASB,研究了启动运行过程中COD和SO2-4降解情况、出水VFA和pH值、产气量及颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)变化状况。结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,保持进水COD为1 500 mg/L,SO2-4浓度为100 mg/L,将HRT由24 h缩短至12 h以提高负荷,经历55 d成功启动了UASB反应器;当HRT为12 h,进水COD和SO2-4负荷为3.0 kg/(m3·d)和0.20 kg/(m3·d),COD和SO2-4的去除率分别达到80%和89%,出水VFA为3 mmol/L,产气量达9.5 L/d,颗粒污泥的SMA为86.4 mL/(g VSS·d)。     

高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响

研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明，COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小；当氨氮浓度〈3600mg/L时，不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响；氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50％抑制浓度为4350mg／L；高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加；当氨氮浓度由4800mg／L降低到2000mg/L后，受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。     

厌氧法处理木薯淀粉废水的研究

采用厌氧法处理木薯淀粉废水,研究了厌氧反应器启动和运行的特性,以及温度和搅拌对厌氧生物降解的影响。结果表明:(1)COD去除率总体随着进水COD的增大而增大,在进水COD为9 983.38mg/L时,COD去除率最大,达到86.05%。(2)累计产甲烷量与进水COD呈正比关系,进水COD直接影响反应器的产甲烷量。(3)厌氧颗粒污泥活性最高的温度为30～35℃。(4)厌氧搅拌有利于提高厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性。     

C/N比对ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮性能影响及其动力学

采用ASBR厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,考察了不同C/N(NH+4-N)比时厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同脱氮性能表现,并与无机环境下反应器的脱氮性能相比较。研究结果表明,C/N比决定了ANAMMOX/反硝化耦合反应的发展方向。当C/N0.33时,ANAMMOX为主导反应;当C/N=0.67时,耦合反应的效果最佳,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为92%、95%、COD去除率大于96%,实现了氨氮及COD的同时去除;当C/N=1.33时,反硝化反应逐渐占据优势;当C/N2.96时,反硝化作用成为主导反应,厌氧氨氧化反应受到明显抑制,氨氮去除率下降。采取批次实验方法研究了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同反应的动力学特性。用基质抑制动力学Haldane模型拟合不同基质浓度下的厌氧氨氧化活性,得到氨氮最大比增长速率为0.09 kg/(kg·d)(以VSS计),半饱和常数为8.4 mg/L、半抑制常数为1 198.2 mg/L;亚硝态氮最大比增长速率为0.27 kg/(kg·d)(以VSS计),半饱和常数为10.2 mg/L、半抑制常数为300.1 mg/L。采用Monod模型和Haldane模型分别拟合不同COD浓度和亚硝酸盐浓度下的反硝化性能,得到反硝化亚硝态氮最大比增长速率为0.2 kg/(kg VSS·d),半饱和常数为17.4 mg/L、半抑制常数为128.4 mg/L,COD半饱和常数为83.3 mg/L。     

城市垃圾焚烧渗沥液中Ca2+对厌氧EGSB处理效果的影响简

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca²⁺对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器（EGSB）处理效果的影响，并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca²⁺对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明，进水COD为17 000 mg/L的条件下，当Ca²⁺浓度低于6 000 mg/L时，EGSB对COD去除率达93%以上；当Ca²⁺浓度高于6 000 mg/L时，COD去除率随运行时间明显下降，并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明，废水中低浓度Ca²⁺促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性，但高浓度Ca²⁺明显抑制了其产甲烷活性，这是导致高Ca²⁺浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明，颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca²⁺浓度增加而减弱。     

Ca2+对上流式多级厌氧反应器处理蔗渣渗滤液的影响

研究了上流式多级厌氧反应器(UMAR)处理蔗渣渗滤液过程中Ca2+浓度对反应器运行特性和颗粒污泥性质的影响。结果表明,对于蔗渣渗滤液而言,进水中低浓度的Ca2+浓度(80～300 mg/L)对颗粒污泥产甲烷活性无抑制,COD去除率最高可达93.3%;Ca2+浓度达到500 mg/L以上时,对厌氧颗粒污泥的活性有抑制作用;随着Ca2+浓度进一步升高,抑制作用加强,污泥灰分明显升高,活性成分下降,COD去除效率明显降低,污泥粘结沉积在反应器底部,导致系统内循环出现障碍。因此,在实际生产中应减少废水中Ca2+的引入量。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.