Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

典型岩溶区水环境中全氟化合物分布特征及风险评价

为探究典型岩溶区PFASs（per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,全氟化合物）分布特征及生态环境与健康风险,采用超高相液相色谱串联质谱对都安县地下水、地表水及污染源中PFASs进行分析测试.结果表明:①PFPeA（Perfluoropentanoic acid,全氟戊酸）是该地区检出率最高的PFASs污染物,检出率为100%,ρ（PFPeA）检出范围为0.067~1.021 ng/L.ρ（PFASs）平均检出情况满足污染源（2.592 ng/L）>地表水（0.737 ng/L）>地下水（0.340 ng/L）,污染物检出种类的平均值满足污染源（7.1个）>地表水（4.4个）>地下水（2.9个）.②研究区内仅有G2、S9、S13、P3采样点ρ（PFASs）可能受点源类污染源的影响较大,整个研究区PFASs分布特征及质量浓度受大气沉降影响较小.地表水及地下水ρ（PFASs）较高的采样点基本集中在人类活动聚集区;由于岩溶作用影响,东南部地下水中ρ（PFASs）相对较低.③地下水、地表水及污染源中PFASs的来源均可以分为两类,一类是以PFOS（perfluorooctane sulfonate,全氟辛烷磺酸）为主产物的五金电镀、消防、采矿、电子等行业,另一类可能主要与农业活动相关,来源于农用塑料品及其降解产物.④在利用当前已有参数进行评价时,都安县水环境中ρ（PFOA）（perfluorooctane acid,全氟辛酸）和ρ（PFOS）尚未达到对生态环境和人体健康具有风险的水平.研究显示,西南岩溶区水环境中ρ（PFOA）和ρ（PFOS）尚未达到对环境及人体健康具有风险的水平,但鉴于岩溶区特殊的水文地质条件,仍需加强产氟工矿企业的控制.      

土壤中全氟和多氟烷基化合物的污染现状及环境行为

全氟和多氟烷基化合物（perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）是一类新兴持久性有机污染物.土壤中PFASs可以通过淋溶作用进入地下水影响水质安全,或者通过陆生食物链的传递和生物放大作用危害生态系统和人类健康,有关土壤中PFASs的赋存状况、浓度水平与行为机制的研究已经成为环境化学领域的热点之一.目前土壤中可以准确测定的PFASs在含氟化合物总量中的占比不到1%,含量为ng/g水平.我国相关研究主要集中在东部及氟化工厂周边地区,其组分以全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS）和全氟辛酸（Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）等长链PFASs为主.不同类型土壤中PFASs的赋存特征主要受到物质种类与土壤理化性质及周边人类活动的影响.除了含氟化学品生产和使用过程中的直接释放和大气传输以外,PFASs前体物在土壤环境中的转化也是其重要来源.吸附-解吸是PFASs在土壤中的主要归趋方式,化合物碳链长度及官能团种类、土壤理化性质和生物种类等因素都会影响其在土壤中的迁移转化和富集能力.鉴于目前的研究现状,需要进一步优化土壤中PFASs的提取和分析方法,关注新型PFASs在土壤中的变化趋势及行为机制,开展土壤中PFASs的生物可给性和生物可利用性研究,进一步评估PFASs的生态与人体健康风险.      

乌梁素海流域地表水中全氟化合物分布、来源及其生态风险

全氟化合物（polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）在长期生产和使用过程中会通过多介质扩散和远距离迁移等方式进入环境中.本研究分析了乌梁素海流域丰水期及枯水期采集的地表水样品中17种PFASs,探讨了该地区PFASs的时空分布特征、潜在来源及生态风险.结果表明,PFASs在所有地表水样品中均有检出,浓度范围为4.00~263.45 ng·L^-1;研究区地表水中PFASs空间分布格局受当地人类活动影响明显,在空间上表现为两个主要特征：一是PFASs浓度较低的黄河水和干渠水,以全氟丁酸（PFBA）为主要组分;二为接纳了河套灌区的工业、农业和生活等废水的总排干水和湖区水,PFASs浓度较高并以全氟辛酸（PFOA）为主要组分.受到短链PFASs产量增加与引黄河水量变化影响,枯水期水样中PFASs含量较高于丰水期的样品.PFOS/PFOA、PFOA/PFNA和PFHpA/PFOA结果表明,研究区PFASs为大气沉降与点源污染混合来源.风险评价结果显示,研究区目前PFOA与全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）的风险值均较低,但由于全氟化合物的累积特性和长距离传输能力,其长期的累积效应依然不容忽视.     

黄渤海区域水产品中全氟烷基物质的分布特征

选取黄渤海区域水产品生产、消费水平较高的23个城市,采集鱼类、海洋贝类、甲壳类、头足类及海珍品（海参、鲍鱼）等5类水产品共1225个样本,采用超快速液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了23种全氟烷基物质（PFASs）的含量,并分析了黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平及分布特征.结果表明,黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平具有明显的组分差异、城市分布及品种分布差异等特征.在23种PFASs组分中,共检出20种PFASs,其中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）的检出率最高,分别为79.1%和71.7%,且PFOA的质量浓度占比最高（64.5%）,为首要污染组分;在不同采样点样本中,莱州湾近岸的潍坊、滨州和东营,渤海湾近岸的沧州以及辽东湾近岸的营口为PFASs总质量浓度（∑PFASs）较高的城市,残留水平范围为10.2~16.8μg/kg;在不同品种样本中,检出PFASs组分的数量由高到低为：鱼类（20种） > 海洋贝类、甲壳类（18种） > 海珍品（16种） > 头足类（10种）,其中海洋贝类、海珍品样本中检出率最高的是PFOA,鱼类、甲壳类样本中检出率最高的是PFOS,而头足类则是全氟辛烷磺酰胺（PFOSA）;通过计算不同水产品中PFASs各组分的平均含量发现,PFOA、PFOS、全氟十一烷酸（PFUdA）和PFOSA在不同品种中平均含量相对较高,且表现出较为明显的组分差异性;通过计算危害指数（HR）评价人体暴露于PFASs的健康风险,得到PFASs各组分的危害指数均 < 1,说明黄渤海区域水产品中残留的PFASs对消费者的潜在健康风险较低.     

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.     

The short-chain perfluorinated compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA, disrupt human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and adipogenic differentiation

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are commonly used in industrial processes and daily life products. Because they are persistent, they accumulate in the environment, wildlife and humans. Although many studies have focused on two of the most representative PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, the potential toxicity of short-chain PFASs has not yet been given sufficient attention. We used a battery of assays to evaluate the toxicity of several four-carbon and six-carbon perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxyl acids (PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA), with a human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) system. Our results demonstrate significant cyto- and potential developmental toxicity for all the compounds analyzed, with shared but also distinct mechanisms of toxicity. Moreover, the effects of PFBS and PFHxS were stronger than those of PFBA and PFHxA, but occurred at higher doses compared to PFOS or PFOA.     

拉萨河全氟化合物的时空分布特征研究

对拉萨河27个采样点、拉萨污水处理厂分别在丰水期和枯水期进行水样的采集,并用双三元二维液相色谱-串联质谱法（DGLC-MS/MS）首次对水样中的17种全氟化合物（PFASs）进行检测分析,结果表明,PFASs在拉萨普遍存在,拉萨河表层水中平均Σ₁₃ PFASs浓度为322pg/L,范围从60到1724pg/L.拉萨河PFASs的浓度水平低于其他大城市流域,但高于南北极表层水体.拉萨河中的主要化合物为全氟丁酸（PFBA）（25%）、全氟戊酸（PFPeA）（22%）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）（14%）、全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）（14%）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）（13%）.空间分布特征表明,拉萨河中全氟化合物的排放还存在一些点排放源,拉萨市产生的污水并未完全汇入到拉萨市污水处理厂中处理.基于PFBA和PFBS的全氟产品使用比较广泛,而基于PFOA和PFOS的全氟产品只在某些区域或行业有相对多的使用量或排量.PFASs在丰水期和枯水期的浓度水平和组成特征有显著的差异,拉萨全氟化合物产品的生产和使用模式受季节影响较大.污水处理厂是PFASs排放到拉萨河中的一个重要点源.污水处理厂每年排放到拉萨河中的全氟化合物约为37mg,拉萨河排放到雅鲁藏布江的物质荷载约为292t/a.在未来,所有的废水都应严格地纳入污水处理厂经达标处理后再排放.尽管PFOA和PFOS在拉萨的生产和使用进行了一定的转型,但是基于全氟化合物的产品的限制应进一步系统地执行和强有力地落实.     

上海市电镀企业周边地表水中全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)的污染特征

电镀是全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)污染的主要来源之一. 目前关于电镀企业周边地表水中的PFASs污染特征报道较为缺乏. 为了解上海市电镀企业周边地表水中PFASs的污染特征与生态风险水平,选取全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)、全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)、磺酸调聚物以及1-氯-全氟烷基醚磺酸钾(F-53B)等26种典型PFASs为对象,调查其在上海市电镀企业周边地表水中的污染特征,探讨其污染来源并开展初步的生态风险评估. 结果表明:上海市电镀企业周边地表水中∑PFASs浓度范围为93.3~1 334 ng/L,其中大部分地表水中∑PFASs浓度小于300 ng/L,污染最严重的地表水分布于金山区,∑PFASs浓度是背景值的14.8倍. 地表水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)为普遍的主要污染物,其次为短链PFCAs和PFSAs. 1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛烷磺酸钠(6∶2 FTS)和F-53B也普遍存在于地表水中,但只在少数地表水中具有较高浓度,尤其是F-53B,其中金山区采样点浓度高达968 ng/L,主要与镀铬业务有关. 这表明短链PFCAs和PFSAs、PFOA、6∶2 FTS及F-53B等均可能已应用于电镀领域. 据污染源特征分析,地表水中PFASs除了受电镀行业的污染外,同时还可能来源于表面处理工业、前体化合物生物降解等. 初步的生态风险评估结果表明,上海市大部分电镀企业周边地表水中生态风险较低,但个别镀铬企业周边地表水中F-53B污染可能产生高生态风险. 研究显示,上海市电镀企业周边地表水中存在一定程度的PFASs污染,污染水平与特征差异较大;其中PFOA是电镀企业周边地表水中普遍存在的主要污染物,但生态风险较低;而F-53B在个别采样点中具有高残留、高生态风险,需加强污染防控.      

洪泽湖水体全氟化合物的污染特征、来源及健康风险

洪泽湖是南水北调东线工程重要调蓄湖泊,为了解洪泽湖表层水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况,通过超高效液相色谱串联四极杆质谱测定了湖区和入湖河流的表层水15种PFASs的含量,分析比较了不同区域水体中PFASs的浓度与组成,运用HCA法解析了不同污染来源,并应用HQ法对不同人群的健康风险进行评价.结果表明：(1)洪泽湖表层水中检出15种PFASs,ΣPFASs浓度为63.4～218.0 ng/L(中位值92.9 ng/L),健康风险较低;(2)PFASs组分以短链为主,主要污染物为PFPeA,占60.8%;(3)PFASs在洪泽湖的空间分布呈现由南向北递减的趋势,洪泽湖湖心及过水通道区的PFASs浓度较高;(4)HCA方法表明,洪泽湖表层水中PFASs主要来自地表径流、橡胶品制造、食品包装和纸类表面处理的工业排放、纺织和金属电镀工业排放和生活污水.研究显示,洪泽湖表层水中广泛存在多种PFASs,以短链为主,健康风险对居民来说可接受.     

Levels, distributions, and sources of legacy and novel per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the topsoil of Tianjin, China

Soil is a major sink for per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), wherein PFAS may be transferred through the food chain to predators at upper trophic levels, which poses a threat to human health. Herein, the concentrations and distributions of legacy and novel PFAS in topsoil samples from different functional areas in Tianjin were comprehensively investigated. Seventeen PFAS congeners were identified, with concentrations ranging from 0.21 ng/g to 5.35 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 1.25 ng/g. The main PFAS in the topsoil was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA; <MDL–1.95 ng/g, mean 0.11 ng/g), as an emerging substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), was also detected in the topsoil. It showed slightly higher concentrations than PFOS (<MDL–1.62 ng/g, mean 0.10 ng/g), indicating it has gradually replaced legacy PFOS in this area. Based on the positive-definite matrix factor (PMF) receptor model, the major PFAS sources was dominated by textile treatment, metal electroplating plants, and some potential precursors of PFAS with longer chains (>C8) were the major sources (43.4%), followed by food packaging as well as coating materials (25.5%). In addition, Spearman correlation analysis and the structural equation model showed that population density significantly impacted the PFAS distribution in the topsoil of Tianjin.     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物的污染特征及暴露风险评估

为了解成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物(PFASs)的污染特征及人群暴露风险,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了成都市道路积尘中12种PFASs的含量水平.成都市道路积尘中PFASs的含量为0. 95～111 ng·g~(-1),平均含量为(25. 6±37. 2)ng·g~(-1),说明存在较大的空间差异性.主干道路上PFASs的总含量显著高于支干道路,支干道路市区含量高于郊区含量.解放路一段、金牛坝路及水碾河路段主要的全氟化合物为全氟丁烷羧酸(PFBA),比例高达95%.而其它道路中主要的PFASs为全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA,24. 8%)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,24. 1%),说明不同区域PFASs的污染源存在较大差异.成都市儿童和成人通过道路积尘摄入的PFASs分别为0. 168 ng·(kg·d)-1和0. 028 ng·(kg·d)-1,说明儿童暴露风险高于成人,应加强对儿童健康风险的关注.另外,根据欧盟推荐的每日最大耐受量,道路积尘中PFOS和PFOA的暴露量不会对成都市居民造成即时伤害.     

Photodegradation of Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Trimer Acid under UV Irradiation

As a novel alternative to traditional perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), hexafluoroproplyene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) has been detected worldwide in surface water. Moreover, recent researches have demonstrated that HFPO-TA has stronger bioaccumulation potential and higher hepatotoxicity than PFOA. To treat these contaminants e.g. PFOA and PFOS, some photochemical techniques by adding exogenous substances had been reported. However, there is still no report for the behavior of HFPO-TA itself under direct UV irradiation. The current study investigated the photo-transformation of HFPO-TA under UV irradiation in aqueous solution. After 72 hr photoreaction, 75% degradation ratio and 25% defluorination ratio were achieved under ambient condition. Reducing active species, i.e., hydrated electrons and active hydrogen atoms, generated from water splitting played dominant roles in degradation of HFPO-TA, which was confirmed by different effects of reaction atmospheres and quenching experiments. A possible degradation pathway was proposed based on the products identification and theoretical calculations. In general, HFPO-TA would be transformed into shorter-chain PFASs, including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFA) and trifluoroacetate (TFA). This research provides basic information for HFPO-TA photodegradation process and is essential to develop novel remediation techniques for HFPO-TA and other alternatives with similar structures.     

无机结垢对纳滤膜分离水中全氟化合物的影响

选取全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)两种链长不同的典型全氟化合物(PFASs)作为目标去除物,以硫酸钙为典型无机结垢,研究硫酸钙结垢不同阶段中纳滤膜去除PFASs的特征和相关机理,简称硫酸钙试验,同时以相同离子强度的非结垢无机盐溶液开展对比试验考察目标PFASs的截留规律.结果表明,当硫酸钙和目标PFASs共存时,PFOS稳定截留率为硫酸钙试验(97.1%)>对比试验(93.0%),而PFBS稳定截留率为对比试验(46.2%)>硫酸钙试验(38.2%).对于同一PFAS,同一过滤时刻,膜面带电量:硫酸钙试验<对比试验;联合截留率、膜通量和Zeta电位综合分析可知,硫酸钙结垢过程中,PFOS的截留主要由Ca²⁺与PFOS的络合及架桥作用控制,该作用影响PFOS分离过程中的空间位阻作用强度;PFBS过滤初期的截留中静电排斥起主要作用,结垢层生成后,滤饼层强化的浓差极化作用成为PFBS截留效果下降的主要原因.     

石家庄道路灰尘中全氟/多氟化合物及其新型替代品的污染特征及健康风险评估

为探究石家庄市道路灰尘中全氟/多氟化合物(PFASs)的污染特征,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析主干和次干道路灰尘样品(部分采集于污水处理厂和消防站附近)中包括两类新型替代品在内的22种PFASs.结果表明,PFASs在石家庄道路灰尘中普遍存在,特别是新型替代品——六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)的检出属国内首次.∑PFASs含量范围为2.62～137.65 ng·g^-1,全氟辛酸(PFOA)为主要组分,其次为全氟丁酸(PFBA)、 HFPO-DA和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS).空间分布上,西北方向PFASs含量水平最高,东南方向最低.污水处理厂和消防站附近道路灰尘中PFASs组成存在明显不同,特别是新型替代品的检出类型.健康风险评估结果显示,道路灰尘摄入对于人体暴露PFASs和其新型替代品的风险相对较低.经口、呼吸道和皮肤接触3种途径中,经口摄入是目标化合物进入人体的主要途径.在同一暴露途径下,儿童的暴露量高于成人.     

母乳中全氟化合物的污染水平与婴儿暴露评估

为探索北京市产妇母乳中典型全氟化合物的污染水平及婴儿经母乳的外暴露水平及风险.于2011~2012年通过征集母乳捐献志愿者方式采集95份母乳样本,并填写调查表,记录母乳捐献者的人口学特征及居住环境等信息.采用固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定母乳中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷磺酸的含量,估算婴儿经母乳的每日摄入量并与参考剂量进行比较.结果显示北京市产妇母乳中全氟辛酸含量均值和中位数分别为42和37.4pg/m L,范围在13.4~181.3pg/m L之间.全氟辛烷磺酸含量高于全氟辛酸,均值、中位数和范围分别为66.6、54.5和14~390.3pg/m L,统计分析发现全氟辛酸与体重指数呈正相关但与母乳产出时间呈负相关,而全氟辛烷磺酸则与产妇年龄呈正相关.婴儿经母乳全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸每日摄入量中值分别为4.67和6.81ng/(kg bw·d),最高值分别为22.66和48.79ng/(kg bw·d),显示部分婴儿经母乳摄入的全氟辛烷磺酸水平超过了参考剂量,健康风险值得关注.     

大连沿海常见海产品PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平调查

文章应用液相色谱-质谱分析方法,对2009年春季大连沿海常见海产品体内PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平进行了调查。鱼、蟹、乌贼和海胆肌肉中PFOS的平均暴露水平分别为0.40 ng/g,0.07 ng/g,0.09 ng/g及0.12 ng/g(湿重),而PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.06ng/g,0.01 ng/g,0.06 ng/g及0.10 ng/g(湿重)。鱼类肝脏中PFOS和PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.90 ng/g和0.24 ng/g。调查结果表明,大连沿岸常见海产品体内普遍检测到PFOS和PFOA,并且肝脏中PFOS和PFOA暴露水平均高于肌肉组织。通过比较发现,大连沿岸鱼类样品中PFOS的暴露水平低于美、日等国家的沿岸海域鱼类的暴露水平。     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。