环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的电化学行为分析

目的 评价铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的腐蚀防护性能,为铝合金结构在深海环境下的腐蚀防护提供支撑。方法 采用近底悬浮式深海环境试验装置和深海高压模拟试验系统,分别开展环氧型防腐涂层体系实海试验与室内模拟深海试验,研究铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境下的防护性能与电化学行为。结果 某海域实海结果显示,经历0.5 a的1 000 m深海试验后,环氧防腐涂层对铝合金基体的防护状态良好,涂层附着力强度仍旧保持在9 MPa以上。室内模拟深海试验结果显示,在5～20 d的试验周期内,试验初期涂层电阻均在10¹⁰?·cm²以上,涂层电容则在10^?10 F/cm²数量级。随着试验时间的增加,涂层电阻减小,电容增加。其中3 000 m模拟深海环境下,涂层电阻从初始的3.995×10¹⁰?·cm²锐减至3.264×10⁷?·cm²,下降了3个数量级,涂层电容则从初始的8.818×10^?10 F/cm     

三种可磨耗封严涂层的抗腐蚀性能

目的研究AHБ,CuAl/NiC和NiCrAl/NiC三种可磨耗涂层的抗腐蚀性能。方法对三种涂层试样进行盐雾试验、湿热试验和浸泡试验,并结合电化学测试分析不同涂层试样的抗腐蚀性能。结果 545 h的盐雾试验后,AHБ涂层的表面出现了一处微裂纹,CuAl/NiC涂层表明出现了涂层剥落现象,NiCrAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对最好;三种涂层试样经过10个循环的湿热试验后均未见明显的腐蚀现象;经过15 d的浸泡试验后,NiCrAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对较好,而AHБ涂层和CuAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对较差;电化学测试结果也表明NiCrAl/NiC涂层的防护性能相对最好。结论 NiCrAl/NiC涂层的抗腐蚀性能相对较高,而AHБ涂层和CuAl/NiC涂层的抗腐蚀性能相对较低。     

沿海地区输电铁塔防护涂层耐腐蚀性能研究

目的研究沿海地区输电铁塔防护涂层体系的腐蚀失效行为,评估涂层的防护性能,为铁塔防护涂层寿命体系评定和修复提供试验依据。方法分别采用热镀锌、热镀锌/冷涂锌复合涂层、热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层三种技术方案,对铁塔角钢材料进行防腐保护,采用中性盐雾方法模拟沿海环境对试样进行耐蚀性测试,通过试样表面形貌观察、极化曲线、以及阻抗谱等电化学手段对保护效果进行评价。结果热镀锌、热镀锌/冷涂锌复合涂层在盐雾150 h出现大面积腐蚀,热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层在盐雾2000 h未发生明显腐蚀。结论热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层的耐蚀性能优于热镀锌/冷涂锌漆和热镀锌涂层。     

底盘发动机排烟管高温涂料耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用

目的 针对底盘发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中腐蚀防护难度大的问题,对4种高温涂料进行耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用。方法 分别采用试片高温试验、户外暴露试验和排烟管实装实地验证等方法对3种改性有机硅、1种无机硅酸盐共4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀性能及应用效果进行测试与分析。结果 高温涂层试片的高温试验、户外暴露试验结果表明,3种改性有机硅涂层600 ℃的耐高温性能、耐腐蚀性能优于无机硅酸盐涂层,但试片经600 ℃高温烧蚀后进行户外暴露试验的结果表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂层耐蚀性优于其余3种涂层,无机硅酸盐涂层优于氟树脂改性有机硅、环氧改性有机硅涂层。排烟管实装实地验证试验则表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂料受到高温氧化、降水冷却、常温腐蚀等频繁交替作用下,腐蚀较快,氟树脂改性有机硅涂层的防护性较好,环氧改性有机硅涂层在高温区域腐蚀明显,无机硅酸盐涂层中锌粉和铸铁基体存在明显腐蚀。结论 相对于传统的银粉漆,4种高温涂层显著改善了排烟管的腐蚀防护性能。在上述4种试验条件下,4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀等性能各有优劣,需要根据4种涂层各自的性能不足进行改进。在实际工况条件下,氟树脂改性有机硅耐涂层满足发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中不低于1 a免维护的使用要求,其他2种有机硅涂层、1种无机硅酸盐涂层则需要一定程度维护。     

环氧富锌涂层对AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀防护能力研究

目的研究环氧富锌涂层对AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀防护能力。方法采用机械喷涂法在AZ91D镁合金表面制备一种保护性的环氧富锌涂层。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究环氧富锌涂层在0.5 mol/L的Na2SO4腐蚀溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为及其对镁合金的腐蚀防护能力。结果浸泡初期,环氧富锌涂层的阻抗谱中只出现一个时间常数,暗示着环氧富锌涂层优异的阻挡层作用;浸泡48 h后,环氧富锌涂层阻抗谱中出现两个时间常数,高频和低频时间常数分别对应环氧富锌涂层中高聚合的介电性质和锌粉的活性溶解;浸泡336 h后,环氧富锌涂层仍具有很高的阻抗模值,表明此时环氧富锌涂层对镁合金仍能提供良好的腐蚀防护。结论环氧富锌涂层在0.5 mol/L Na2SO4腐蚀溶液中能对AZ91D镁合金提供很好的腐蚀防护。     

新疆伊犁特克斯河山口水库中的材料制品腐蚀研究

目的了解不同涂层体系及金属材料在新疆伊犁特克斯流域的腐蚀行为,为特克斯河流域水利开发提供设计依据。方法通过实地投放金属涂层制品、涂层体系及金属材料,并按周期取样观察对比。结果获得了8种金属涂层、14种金属与封闭涂层、5种富锌涂料体系、10种复合涂层体系、2种碳钢材料和5种不同不锈钢和碳钢面积比偶合件0.5,2 a的试验结果。结论喷锌层是该水库中最适合的金属涂层;环氧封闭是表现最好的封闭涂层;环氧富锌是最好的富锌底漆;氯化橡胶、环氧沥青、环氧面漆、无溶剂耐磨环氧表面良好,适合用作面漆;脂肪族聚氨酯面漆、氟碳面漆不适合用于水下;可复涂聚氨酯用作面漆应视涂层体系谨慎使用;碳钢腐蚀速率和不锈钢与碳钢偶合件面积比之间存在显性的线性关系,不锈钢比例越大,碳钢腐蚀速度越快;镀锌层对钢丝绳有明显的保护作用,比未镀锌钢丝绳腐蚀较轻。     

太阳电池阵基板原子氧防护膜试验评价研究

对太阳电池阵基板用涂有有机硅／SiO2杂化涂层的Kapton膜进行的工程化应用试验评价研究进行了介绍。通过真空下材料的出气试验,对材料的总质量损失（TML）和可凝挥发物（CVCM）进行了测试。进行了温度冲击试验、粒子辐照试验,对涂层的环境耐受性进行了研究。通过原子氧试验,对带涂层薄膜的原子氧剥蚀率进行了研究。此外还对涂层薄膜进行了力学性能试验和粘接性能试验,对带涂层薄膜的拉伸强度、胶接剪切性能及与基板胶接后的剥离性能进行了测试。试验结果表明防护涂层满足工程应用的技术要求。     

环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层在中性盐雾和高低温循环浸泡中的失效研究

目的 研究20#钢表面环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层在中性盐雾和高低温循环浸泡(3.5％NaCl溶液,45℃12 h+RT 12 h)试验中的失效过程与行为.方法 采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)测试、开路电位(OCP)监测、扫描电镜观察与分析(SEM/EDS)以及红外光谱(FTIR)等方法研究涂层在两种试验环境中的失效特征和对20#钢的保护作用,并探讨涂层失效的低频阻抗评价标准.结果 涂层试样分别在中性盐雾79 d和高低温循环浸泡160 d后,表面开始出现锈点,失去对基体的保护作用,此时低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)值降至7×104?·cm2左右.除了屏蔽作用以外,环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层还可为钢基体提供一定的阴极保护作用,其中高低温浸泡环境中的阴极保护作用时间略长.在两种加速试验环境中,涂层后期的失光率均处于"明显失光",色差值达到或接近"较大变色".红外光谱显示,涂层中的特征官能团未发生明显的变化.结论 通常利用低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)低于1×106?·cm2来衡量有机涂层(不含导电颗粒)失效的判据,不适用于评价碳钢表面的环氧富锌-石墨烯涂层体系,对于该体系的失效评价可能需要再降低近2个数量级,约为7×104?·cm2左右.     

TC21钛合金表面涂层体系在多因素综合加速试验条件下的老化规律研究

目的 研究TC21钛合金表面防护体系(酸洗+环氧底漆+聚氨酯面漆)在多因素协同加速试验条件下的表面性能变化规律。方法 利用一台海洋大气综合模拟试验装置,在户内模拟热带岛礁海洋大气环境,对经历各个加速试验周期后的试样进行外观拍照、光泽度测试、色差测试、光学显微拍照、以及电化学阻抗测试(EIS),并描述相关变化过程。结果 5个周期的加速试验后,试样表面涂层的失光率和色差分别达到45.6%和4.36。涂层在0.01 Hz处的阻抗模值由初始的2.74×10¹⁰ Ω下降为6.21×10⁷ Ω。结论 经历5个周期的户内多因素综合加速试验的过程中,TC21钛合金表面涂层体系的防护效果呈持续下降趋势,但5周期后尚未完全失效。     

湿热盐雾大气环境印制电路板防护棚下试验研究

目的 试验研究不同防护工艺的印制电路板在湿热盐雾大气环境下的适应性。方法 结合无防护试件,在严苛的濒海棚下环境开展4种印制电路板防护工艺的暴露试验,通过观察电路板外观,测量计算绝缘电阻、介质耐压、品质因数,以及扫描电镜、能谱分析等技术手段评价印制电路板防护工艺的性能。结果 濒海棚下环境中,无防护印制电路板腐蚀严重,电气性能显著下降。改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护的印制电路板在整个试验周期内腐蚀程度轻微,电气性能较好,表面涂层仅存在轻微起泡现象。丙烯酸三防漆防护印制电路板防护性能不稳定,印制电路板出现腐蚀现象,品质因数总体低于改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护。聚氨酯三防漆防护印制电路板在电气测试性能中表现良好,但涂层出现太多破损、起泡等缺陷,铜导线出现异常生锈现象。在介质耐压测试中,多周期呈现击穿状态。结论 在濒海区域棚下湿热盐雾环境中,涂覆有机硅、改性硅三防漆的印制电路板防护状态最好,可优先选择作为防护手段。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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