H2O2处理酸性大红GR染料废水的研究

通过对废水pH值、H2O2用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺条件的考察,确定了H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红染料废水的最佳工艺条件pH 4、H2O2用量6 mL/L、催化剂用量3 g/L、反应时间100 min、反应温度70℃.在该条件下,COD和色度的去除率分别为76.7%和99.4%;通过反应前后的紫外-可见光光谱分析表明,H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红GR染料废水有比较好的效果,为该工艺处理酸性大红GR染料废水提供了科学依据.     

H2O2处理酸性大红GR染料废水的研究

通过对废水pH值、H2O2用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺条件的考察，确定了H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红染料废水的最佳工艺条件：pH4、H2O2用量6mL／L、催化剂用量3g／L、反应时间100min、反应温度70℃。在该条件下，c0D和色度的去除率分别为76．7％和99．4％；通过反应前后的紫外一可见光光谱分析表明，H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红GR染料废水有比较好的效果，为该工艺处理酸性大红GR染料废水提供了科学依据。     

光合细菌处理维生素B12废水影响因素的试验研究

利用正交试验设计研究pH值、光照时间和温度等生长因子对光合细菌处理维生素B12废水效果的影响,结果表明,当pH为7.0、昼夜自然光照、温度为30℃时,净化效果最佳,并对不同溶解氧条件下的废水处理效果进行了对比试验.     

底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响

实验研究了底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响，并对光合细菌产氢得率和初始底物转化为氢气得率进行比较，分析底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢代谢的影响，实验发现底物初始浓度为120 mmol/L时最适合光合细菌的产氢代谢，底物初始浓度达到140 mmol/L时，光合细菌主要进行生物量合成和产酸代谢，得到各浓度梯度下的最大生物量，但对产氢代谢产生抑制作用，表明最大生物量与最大的产氢能力之间不成正比关系及光合细菌产生CO2机制与产氢机制不同；光合细菌最大比产氢活性表现在对数生长期，最大生物量出现在稳定期。实验证明，光合细菌对数生长期受底物浓度影响大，底物浓度低，最大生物量所对应的时间相对较早，底物浓度增大，最大生物量所对应的时间相对延后。     

光合细菌处理维生素B12废水影响因素的试验研究

利用正交试验设计研究pH值、光照时间和温度等生长因子对光合细菌处理维生素B₁₂废水效果的影响，结果表明，当pH为7.0、昼夜自然光照、温度为30℃时，净化效果最佳，并对不同溶解氧条件下的废水处理效果进行了对比试验。     

木薯酒精废水高温厌氧发酵产氢研究

以木薯酒精废水为厌氧发酵产氢底物,以中温(37℃)厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物.研究了高温条件(60℃)下厌氧发酵产氢的可行性;并比较了60～80℃条件下的累积产氢量,产氢速率和液相发酵产物组成,以确定温度对木薯酒精废水厌氧发酵产氢的影响以及不同温度下厌氧发酵产氢菌的代谢类型.结果表明,60℃时累积产氢量为383 mL(木薯酒精废水用量140 mL)、产氢率为70.0 mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计),中温厌氧颗粒污泥适合作为高温条件下木薯酒精废水厌氧发酵产氢的接种物;从60℃升高到80℃时,累积产氢量逐渐下降,最大产氢速率逐渐降低,80℃时产氢完全受到抑翩.70℃为产氢的临界点,低于70℃时厌氧发酵产氢菌的代谢类型属典型的丁酸型发酵,此过程中伴随着大量氢气产生,大于等于70℃时,正丁酸生成受到严重抑制,累积产氢量迅速降低;氢气的产生主要来自于溶解性碳水化合物的分解.     

应用钙法除磷-碱解-微电解组合工艺预处理吡虫啉农药废水

根据吡虫啉农药废水成分复杂，含有大量有毒有害物质的特点，在小试实验研究的基础上，确定了预处理的组合工艺流程为：钙法除磷-碱解-催化微电解。实验结果表明，预处理的适宜参数为：钙法除磷的pH值11，搅拌速度为100 r/min，钙的投加量为理论计算值的1.4倍；碱解反应的温度70℃，pH值11，反应时间2 h；催化微电解反应的pH值3～4，曝气时间3 h，催化剂与铸铁屑的质量比1∶5。组合工艺对COD、色度、磷的总去除率分别达到81%、90%和99.99%，废水的可生化性能得到很大改善。组合工艺不仅适用于预处理高浓度吡虫啉农药废水，也能为其他高浓度、难生物降解农药废水的治理提供有益的参考。     

酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的研究

通过小型批量试验 ,对酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的技术条件进行了研究。结果表明 :在pH为 5 .0 ,温度 30℃ ,处理时间 4 8h ,接种量 10 %的条件下 ,废水CODCr去除率可达 70 %。该技术操作简单 ,可作为预处理应用于实际工程中 ,并可回收一定的酵母蛋白 ,具有一定的经济效益     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水

实验研究了菌体接种量、氮源、氮源浓度、温度和pH等不同因素条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,接种量为10 g/L时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶和COD的去除率最高,分别为96%和83%。酒石酸铵为黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的最佳氮源,其最佳浓度为0.8 g/L,在此条件下,菌体对果胶和COD的去除率分别为96%和84%。废水温度为25~35℃,废水pH值为4~5时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD的去除效率分别可达95%及80%以上。黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的研究结果可为实际废水处理工程技术工艺的设计提供参考价值和指导意义。     

共固定光合和发酵性细菌处理有机废水生物制氢技术

介绍了光合细菌和发酵性细菌处理有机废水生物制氢技术,并提出了将两者混合培养是处理有 机废水生物制氢技术的最佳代谢模式,而共固定光合和发酵性细菌则是高效,稳定净化有机废水持续嫌氢的最佳工艺。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.