废水吸附法除磷的研究进展

本文叙述了利用吸附原理进行废水除磷的研究进展。吸附法除磷的研究主要表现在吸附材料的研究方面。基于应用场合的差异。包括廉价的天然材料，工业废渣及其改性物，传统的活性氧化铝及其改性物，其他多孔物质及人工合成的高效吸附剂等。人工合成高效吸附剂由于磷吸附容量大，其相关研究成为近年来的重要发展方向。     

锆改性铝氧化物对水中磷的吸附特性

采用共沉淀法制备锆改性铝氧化物。在研究其对水中磷吸附特性的基础上,结合SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR和XPS等表征手段,分析吸附剂的结构组成以及反应前后的表面基团变化,探讨吸附除磷的机理。结果表明:Power动力学模型和Langmuir等温线模型可以很好地描述锆改性铝氧化物对磷的吸附特征;在投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1)、溶液pH为7时,磷的饱和吸附量为76.63 mg·g~(-1);pH=4~6时,吸附剂除磷效果较好,在偏碱性环境下,磷吸附量明显降低;Cl~-和SiO_3~(2-)对磷的吸附有较强的抑制作用,且干扰效果随着阴离子浓度的升高而加强。通过材料表征结果可知,吸附剂呈无定型结构,表面含有丰富的羟基。该吸附剂的除磷机制主要为表面络合和离子交换作用。     

改性粉煤灰处理低浓度含磷废水的研究

以酸改性粉煤灰为吸附剂,处理低质量浓度(1 mg/L左右)磷酸盐溶液,探讨了改性剂的种类、改性剂用量、吸附剂用量、反应时间、pH以及温度对除磷效果的影响.结果表明:(1)经过酸改性后粉煤灰的磷去除率显著提高,而且硫酸改性粉煤灰的除磷效果更好,磷去除率最高可达97.68％.(2)最佳条件:选择硫酸用量为5 mL/g进行改性,硫酸改性粉煤灰投加量为2.0g,反应时间为60 min,pH为7.2～10.8,温度为25℃(即室温).(3)改性粉煤灰对磷的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,既有物理吸附,也有化学吸附,并以Ca、Mg氧化物与磷形成磷的沉淀物为主.     

镧改性介孔材料对砷、磷的吸附

为探究在复合污染条件下介孔吸附材料对砷、磷的去除效果,通过水热合成法制备镧金属改性介孔吸附材料(La-MCM-41),采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测定(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析方法对改性前后的介孔吸附剂进行了表征;研究了介孔吸附剂在不同吸附体系中对砷、磷的降解效果、等温线及动力学。结果表明:La-MCM-41仍具有长程有序的六方相介孔结构,BET比表面积、总孔容均减小,平均孔径有所增加;介孔吸附剂在单独吸附体系下对砷、磷的吸附量大于同步吸附体系,且均符合二级反应动力学。通过分析可知,在2种体系下,改性后的介孔吸附剂极大地提高了对砷、磷的吸附量,是一种经济高效的吸附材料。     

改性牡蛎壳对低磷浓度水体的净化性能研究

为寻求经济、高效的生态浮床除磷基质,以牡蛎壳为对象,通过等温吸附、吸附动力学和吸附剂投加量影响实验对比研究了经不同温度热处理的改性牡蛎壳对低磷浓度水体的吸附性能。结果表明:相比Langmuir方程,Freundlich方程能更好地模拟天然及改性牡蛎壳对总磷的等温吸附行为;相对于伪一级动力学和Elovich方程,牡蛎壳对总磷的吸附动力学过程与伪二级动力学方程更为吻合。热处理温度对总磷的吸附效果产生明显影响,650℃改性牡蛎壳的吸附性能最优。牡蛎壳投加量对总磷去除效果影响也较为显著,当投加量增至20g/L时,天然牡蛎壳、250℃改性牡蛎壳、500℃改性牡蛎壳、650℃改性牡蛎壳的总磷去除率分别可达到51.27%、62.50%、88.27%和99.69%。当投加量为8g/L时,650℃改性牡蛎壳对总磷的去除率已高达90%左右。总体而言,650℃改性牡蛎壳的总磷吸附效果最好,可优先选为生态浮床除磷基质。     

4种镧改性海藻粉末对养殖废水中磷的去除

为了解决使用矿物材料除磷产生大量沉积物的问题和实现磷的资源化利用,研究了镧改性的海带(LaLJ)、石莼(La-UL)、红藻(La-RP)和浒苔(La-EP)干化粉末材料对模拟废水和养猪废水中磷的吸附特征。在模拟废水中,随吸附剂用量的增加,4种镧改性的海藻对模拟废水中磷的吸附量均呈指数下降;随初始pH的升高,La-EP和La-UL对磷的吸附量增加,而La-LJ和La-RP对磷的吸附量减少。动力学吸附过程和等温吸附过程分别用准二级动力学模型和Freundlich模型拟合更适合。4种镧改性海藻对磷的最大吸附量为8.94～11.25 mg·g~(-1),相比于改性前,La-LJ、La-UL、La-RP和La-EP对磷的吸附量分别增加了24、38、66和25倍。在养猪废水中,经4种镧改性海藻吸附处理后,废水含磷浓度降低到2.5 mg·L~(-1)以下,能实现达标排放。因此,镧改性的4种海藻是养猪废水吸附除磷的可行材料。     

秸秆基Li/Al层状双金属氢氧化物纳米复合吸附剂的制备及其除磷性能研究

将纳米Li/Al层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)负载到改性小麦秸秆上制得秸秆基Li/Al LDH纳米复合吸附剂(简称复合吸附剂),并通过一系列单因素吸附试验对其除磷性能进行评价。结果表明:升高温度有利于该吸附剂的吸附;最佳吸附pH约为4;动力学实验表明,100min时吸附过程即可达到平衡;以NO_3~-、Cl-、SO_4~(2-)作为共存离子,3者对于复合吸附剂除磷的影响程度为SO_4~(2-)Cl-NO_3~-,且共存离子浓度较高时复合吸附剂对磷仍有较好的吸附选择性;脱附再生实验表明,使用5mol/L NaOH和0.01mol/L NaCl的混合溶液可达到较好的脱附效果。     

镧改性凹凸棒土的制备及其对水中磷酸盐的吸附

锁磷剂的应用与推广加快了人们对镧改性粘土的不断研究。为了探讨2种制备方法所得的镧改性凹凸棒土吸附剂对水体中磷酸根的去除效果,首先制备了镧改性凹凸棒土(La-ATP)及镧改性酸活化凹凸棒土(La-H-ATP)2种吸附剂,然后在不同条件下研究比较了二者对磷酸根的吸附效果。结果表明:La-ATP和La-H-ATP对磷酸根吸附曲线适合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量(qm)均大于12 mg·g~(-1)。高温有利于La-ATP和La-H-ATP对磷酸根的吸附,并且La-ATP的平衡吸附量(qe)在35、25和10℃条件下均大于La-H-ATP。在酸性条件下,La-ATP具有比La-H-ATP更好的除磷效果。两种吸附剂对磷酸根具有较好的吸附选择性,几种常见共存离子存在时的吸附量无明显变化。     

粉煤灰深度处理低浓度的磷

为了探讨低浓度磷吸附的方法,比较了粉煤灰、煤质活性炭和粉煤灰碎砖块颗粒这3种价廉易得的吸附材料的除磷效果。经对比确定以粉煤灰为吸附剂,研究了反应时间、粉煤灰投加量以及溶液p H对深度除磷效果的影响。同时为了解粉煤灰高效除磷原理,利用SEM和XRD对其表面形状、所含元素及其内部结构进行了表征。结果表明,粉煤灰比煤质活性碳和粉煤灰砖砖块颗粒的除磷效果更好,去除率高达98.9%;SEM和XRD表征结果显示,由于粉煤灰表面积较大、表面能高、含有Si—O—Si和Si—O—Al—O偶极键及铝、铁和钙的氧化物,使得粉煤灰对低浓度的磷有着高效的去除率;吸附磷后的粉煤灰表面形成了一层絮状物,经EDS分析显示其组成以钙磷沉淀为主;1 g粉煤灰对1 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液在p H=10、反应时间60 min时表现出最佳吸附性能。     

铁-镧系合金氧化物污水除磷及再生

采用共沉淀法制备了系列铁-镧系合金氧化物并研究其除磷能力。结果表明:以铁、镧摩尔比为0.08的吸附剂除磷能力最强,吸附曲线适合Langmuir等温线方程。该吸附剂的吸附量受pH影响显著,pH在4.0~7.0之间时吸附量较大。进行了抗共存阴离子能力测试,结果表明CO2-3对磷吸附量影响较大,给出了共存阴离子对吸附量的影响顺序。对该吸附剂进行了真空高温再生,再生率最高可达62.27%。     

Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agents and/or chitosan

In this study, the technical feasibility of coconut shell charcoal (CSC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for Cr(VI) removal is investigated in batch studies using synthetic electroplating wastewater. Both granular adsorbents are made up of coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.), an agricultural waste from local coconut industries. Surface modifications of CSC and CAC with chitosan and/or oxidizing agents, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, are also conducted to improve removal performance. The results of their Cr removal performances are statistically compared. It is evident that adsorbents chemically modified with an oxidizing agent demonstrate better Cr(VI) removal capabilities than as-received adsorbents in terms of adsorption rate. Both CSC and CAC, which have been oxidized with nitric acid, have higher Cr adsorption capacities (CSC: 10.88, CAC: 15.47 mg g(-1)) than those oxidized with sulfuric acid (CSC: 4.05, CAC: 8.94 mg g(-1)) and non-treated CSC coated with chitosan (CSCCC: 3.65 mg g(-1)), respectively, suggesting that surface modification of a carbon adsorbent with a strong oxidizing agent generates more adsorption sites on their solid surface for metal adsorption.     

The use of date palm as a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment: a review

Background

In tropical countries, the palm tree is one of the most abundant and important trees. Date palm is a principal fruit grown in many regions of the world. It is abundant, locally available and effective material that could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of different pollutants from aqueous solution.

Review

This article presents a review on the role of date palm as adsorbents in the removal of unwanted materials such as acid and basic dyes, heavy metals, and phenolic compounds. Many studies on adsorption properties of various low cost adsorbent, such as agricultural waste and activated carbons based on agricultural waste have been reported in recent years.

Conclusion

Studies have shown that date palm-based adsorbents are the most promising adsorbents for removing unwanted materials. No previous review is available where researchers can get an overview of the adsorption capacities of date palm-based adsorbent used for the adsorption of different pollutants. This review provides the recent literature demonstrating the usefulness of date palm biomass-based adsorbents in the adsorption of various pollutants.     

Elaboration of new formulations to remove micropollutants in MSWI flue gas

This study consists in identifying and testing potential inorganic substitutes to carbon based materials commonly used as adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants such as dioxins and furans released from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI). Although carbon materials enable to reach the current regulation in terms of dioxins and furans emissions, they exhibit a potential auto ignition risk when present in hot flue gases. Here, the adsorption potential of carbon based products is compared to the one of some inorganic materials. Chlorobenzene was chosen as a reference molecule to compare the removal performance of the different adsorbents. This comparison was based on the determination of the adsorption energies derived from temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. In the first part of this study, five inorganic materials were selected according to their chlorobenzene adsorption performance compared to those of carbon based products currently used to remove micropollutants from MSWI flue gases. In the second part of the study, the influence of the inlet concentration of adsorbate on the adsorption potential of sorbents is investigated. Actually, the organic compound concentration was decreased in order to be closer to those met in MSWI. Furthermore, the adsorption experiments were performed with other adsorbates whose molecular mass or chlorine content are higher. Thanks to these adsorption results a new organic free formulation has been proposed for the removal of micropollutants. Tests carried out on an industrial scale, demonstrated that this product enables to reach the current norm concerning dioxins and furans emissions.     

油气吸附剂及其改性方法

吸附剂的性能对油气吸附分离的效果起着决定性的作用。介绍了活性炭、活性炭纤维、疏水硅胶和疏水沸石等油气吸附剂的吸附性能及改性工艺,提出了吸附剂的改性、复合吸附剂的使用、配套吸附器的开发、新型吸附剂对油气的吸附及解吸工艺将是今后研究的重点。     

Evaluating of arsenic(V) removal from water by weak-base anion exchange adsorbents

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has been called the largest mass poisoning calamity in human history and creates severe health problems. The effective adsorbents are imperative in response to the widespread removal of toxic arsenic exposure through drinking water. Evaluation of arsenic(V) removal from water by weak-base anion exchange adsorbents was studied in this paper, aiming at the determination of the effects of pH, competing anions, and feed flow rates to improvement on remediation. Two types of weak-base adsorbents were used to evaluate arsenic(V) removal efficiency both in batch and column approaches. Anion selectivity was determined by both adsorbents in batch method as equilibrium As(V) adsorption capacities. Column studies were performed in fixed-bed experiments using both adsorbent packed columns, and kinetic performance was dependent on the feed flow rate and competing anions. The weak-base adsorbents clarified that these are selective to arsenic(V) over competition of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate anions. The solution pH played an important role in arsenic(V) removal, and a higher pH can cause lower adsorption capacities. A low concentration level of arsenic(V) was also removed by these adsorbents even at a high flow rate of 250–350 h^?1. Adsorbed arsenic(V) was quantitatively eluted with 1 M HCl acid and regenerated into hydrochloride form simultaneously for the next adsorption operation after rinsing with water. The weak-base anion exchange adsorbents are to be an effective means to remove arsenic(V) from drinking water. The fast adsorption rate and the excellent adsorption capacity in the neutral pH range will render this removal technique attractive in practical use in chemical industry.     

Physical and chemical regeneration of zeolitic adsorbents for dye removal in wastewater treatment

Natural zeolite and synthetic zeolite, MCM-22, were employed as effective adsorbents for a basic dye, methylene blue, removal from wastewater. Two methods, Fenton oxidation and high temperature combustion, have been used for regeneration of used materials. It is found that MCM-22 exhibits equilibrium adsorption at 1.7 x 10(-4) mol g(-1), much higher than the adsorption of natural zeolite (5 x 10(-5) mol g(-1)) at initial dye concentration of 2.7 x 10(-5)M and 30 degrees C. Solution pH will affect the adsorption behaviour of MCM-22. Higher solution pH results in higher adsorption capacity. The regenerated adsorbents show different capacity depending on regeneration technique. Physical regeneration by high temperature combustion will be better than chemical regeneration using Fenton oxidation in producing effective adsorbents. Regeneration of MCM-22 by high temperature treatment can make the adsorbent exhibit comparable or superior adsorption capacity as compared to the fresh sample depending on the temperature and time. The optimal temperature and time will be 540 degrees C and 1h. The Fenton oxidation will recover 60% adsorption capacity. For natural zeolite, regeneration can not fully recover the adsorption capacity with the two techniques and the regenerated natural zeolites by the two techniques are similar, showing 60% adsorption capacity of fresh sample. Kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics.     

改性竹活性炭去除汞离子

采用溴化钾、碘化钾和硫磺对竹活性炭掺杂改性,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定滤液中汞离子浓度,用除汞效率和吸附容量评价活性炭对溶液中汞离子的吸附性能,探讨其吸附机理。结果表明,掺杂改性明显提高了竹活性炭的除汞性能。原竹活性炭的除汞效率为78.6%,吸附容量为2.210 mg/g;经碘化钾、溴化钾和硫磺掺杂改性后的竹活性炭除汞效率分别为94.3%、93.8%和88.8%,吸附容量分别为2.830、2.813和2.663 mg/g;经溴化钾(碘化钾)和硫磺联合改性的竹活性炭对水溶液中汞离子的吸附性能性能又有提高,其中以先载硫后载溴化钾的方法除汞效果最好,除汞效率达96.6%,吸附容量为2.898 mg/g。     

Multifunctional metal-organic frameworks in oil spills and associated organic pollutant remediation

The release of toxic organic compounds into the environment in an event of oil spillage is a global menace due to the potential impacts on the ecosystem. Several approaches have been employed for oil spills clean-up, with adsorption technique proven to be more promising for the total reclamation of a polluted site. Of the several adsorbents so far reported, adsorbent-based porous materials have gained attention for the reduction/total removal of different compounds in environmental remediation applications. The superior potential of mesoporous materials based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) against conventional adsorbents is due to their intriguing and enhanced properties. Therefore, this review presents recent development in MOF composites; methods of preparation; and their practical applications towards remediating oil spill, organic pollutants, and toxic gases in different environmental media, as well as potential materials in the possible deployment in reclaiming the polluted Niger Delta due to unabated oil spillage and gas flaring.

     

Removal of congo red from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon: kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analyses

Present investigation deals with the utilisation of bagasse fly ash (BFA) (generated as a waste material from bagasse fired boilers) and the use of activated carbons-commercial grade (ACC) and laboratory grade (ACL), as adsorbents for the removal of congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Batch studies were conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacity of BFA, ACC and ACL and the effects of initial pH (pH(0)), contact time and initial dye concentration on adsorption. The pH(0) of the dye solution strongly affected the chemistry of both the dye molecules and BFA in an aqueous solution. The effective pH(0) was 7.0 for adsorption on BFA. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of CR on all the adsorbents was a gradual process. Equilibrium reached in about 4h contact time. Optimum BFA, ACC and ACL dosages were found to be 1, 20 and 2 g l(-1), respectively. CR uptake by the adsorbents followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of CR on BFA, ACC and ACL were analysed by the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherm equations. Error analysis showed that the R-P isotherm best-fits the CR adsorption isotherm data on all adsorbents. The Freundlich isotherm also shows comparable fit. Thermodynamics showed that the adsorption of CR on BFA was most favourable in comparison to activated carbons.