多孔方沸石球的除氟及再生机理

利用鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系的方沸石岩样,通过提纯和改性等处理制成多孔方沸石球,用于处理含氟水。用过的方沸石球经再生处理也用于处理含氟水。实验结果表明,多孔方沸石球和再生方沸石球都有明显的除氟效果。对于100mL浓度5.00 mg/L的含氟水,多孔方沸石球较佳的水处理工艺条件为:用量3.0 g,搅拌后静置48 h。对于浓度3.00 mg/L的含氟水,一次水处理就能将F-浓度降到国家标准以内,除氟效率达60%。对于浓度5.00 mg/L的含氟水,2次水处理可以将F-浓度降到国家标准以内,除氟效率达80%。多孔方沸石球对氟离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速度符合斑厄姆公式。再生方沸石球对氟离子的吸附也符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速度也符合斑厄姆公式。多孔方沸石球和再生方沸石球的饱和吸附量相当,这说明用过的方沸石球经再生处理后活性基本恢复,可循环用于含氟水的处理。     

锆负载型树脂用于含氟废水深度处理的研究

本文研制了一种以火力发电厂废树脂为载体的锆负载型氟离子吸附剂 ,并在评价了该树脂对氟离子的吸附性能之后探讨了该树脂用于火力发电厂含氟废水深度处理的可能性。研究结果表明 ,锆的最佳负载的最佳浓度为0 .5mol/L ,该负载树脂的最佳吸附pH为 3.0— 4 .0 ,用填充柱进行的动态实验结果表明 ,pH =3时的吸附容量显著高于 pH=4时的值。利用该树脂对火力发电厂模拟含氟废水进行了双柱串联吸附工艺处理 ,当柱流量为 35mL/min(SV10 )、第二柱穿透时 ,第一柱的吸附容量为 10 2 2 8mg/L湿树脂 ;用 0 .1mol/L的NaOH溶液进行再生 ,柱流量选择为 35mL/min(SV10 )时 ,脱附率在 95 %以上。     

改性粘土除氟剂处理高氟地下水研究

利用自行制备的改性粘土除氟剂处理含氟量较高的配水,研究了改性粘土的优化制备条件和不同因素对其除氟效果的影响,并进行地下水原水除氟验证,最后考察了改性粘土除氟剂的再生性能.结果表明,将0.3 mol/L的Al2(SO4)3和2%(质量分数)的NaOH按1:3(质量比)混合制成改性溶液.再将改性溶液与粘土按1.0:3.0(质量比)混合后,在400℃下煅烧2 h所制得的除氟剂除氟效果最好,最高氟吸附容量可达0.216 8 mg/g;地下水出水氟质量浓度为0.807 mg/L,低于<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB5749--2006)限值(1 mg/L);制得的改性粘土除氟剂对氟具有较好的吸附重复性,可实现多次再生.     

悬挂铁改性活性炭的美人蕉浮床除氟效果试验

设计制作了悬挂氯化铁改性颗粒椰壳活性炭(以下简称铁改性活性炭)的美人蕉(Canna indica)浮床,利用自制聚氯乙烯(PVC)水槽,研究了该浮床在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下对3.0、5.0mg/L含氟水的处理效果,并与未悬挂铁改性活性炭的美人蕉浮床进行除氟效果对比。结果表明,未悬挂铁改性活性炭的美人蕉浮床对3.0mg/L含氟水的氟去除率最高仅为9.4%。悬挂铁改性活性炭的美人蕉浮床在较长HRT(4.5d)下对3.0mg/L含氟水具有较好去除效果,水槽出水氟质量浓度最低可降至0.8mg/L,达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准(≤1.0mg/L),氟去除率最高可达77.5%。由于受铁改性活性炭对氟离子吸附容量的影响,悬挂铁改性活性炭的美人蕉浮床在较短HRT(1.8d)下对5.0mg/L含氟水处理效果不理想,水槽出水氟质量浓度最低仅降至1.9mg/L,未达到GB 3838—2002Ⅴ类标准(≤1.5mg/L),氟离子去除率最高为58.0%。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附氟离子性能

以载铝活性炭纤维毡为电极,在电场作用条件下对模拟含氟水进行静态吸附实验。结果表明,该载铝活性炭纤维毡正极化可以强化吸附除氟效果,吸附动力学数据很好地符合Lagergren二级速率方程,加电场时二级反应速率常数为4.50 g/(mg·h);其对高浓度含氟饮用水也有较高去除率,Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据。加电场情况下,该载铝炭毡对氟离子的最大吸附量为16.584 mg/g,去除氟离子的最佳pH范围是5.5~8.9。共存阴离子Cl-、SO2-4和NO-3对炭毡吸附除氟没有抑制作用,但CO2-3的存在会导致除氟吸附量显著下降。     

锆负载树脂用于含氟废水深度处理的研究

本文研制了一种以火力发电厂废树脂为载体的锆负载型氟离子吸附剂，并在评价了该树脂以氟离子的吸附性能之后探讨了该树脂用于火力发电厂含氟废水深度处理的可能性。研究结果表明，锆的最佳负载的最佳浓度为0．5mol／L，该负载树的最佳吸附pH为3．0－4．0，用填充柱进行的实验结果表明，pH＝3的吸附容量显著高于pH＝4时的值。利用该树脂对火力发电厂模拟含氟废水进行了双柱串联吸附工艺处理，当柱流量为35mL／min（SV10）、第二穿透时，第一柱的吸附容量为10228mg／L显著脂；用0．1mol／L的NaOH溶液进行再生，柱流量选择为35mL/min（SV10）时，脱附率在95％以上。     

平板炭气凝胶电极电吸附除氟

采用自制的炭气凝胶平板电极进行模拟水样中氟的电吸附去除研究,通过单因子实验优化了该电吸附技术的操作参数和适用的溶液条件,并研究了反接电极法的再生效果。研究结果表明,自制的炭气凝胶平板由纳米颗粒组成三维网络结构,比表面积为670.90 m2/g,具有良好的充放电可逆性和迅速形成表面双电层的特点。静态电吸附除氟效果最佳的条件为:水样氟离子浓度6 mg/L,pH 7.0,极板间距4 cm,电压1.6 V;共存物质硝酸根、腐殖酸、碳酸根和碳酸氢根等对氟离子的电吸附具有一定的促进作用。吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶材料的比表面、孔体积、电容值有所减小。对于吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶平板电极,采用反接电极法取得较好再生效果的条件为:流动状态、电压1.6 V、极板间距4 cm。再生后的炭气凝胶电极与原始炭气凝胶相比,依然具有良好的充放电可逆性。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的效果与影响因素

以含氟地下水为研究对象,采用自制电促吸附除氟反应器,开展电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的动态实验,研究了不同电压、极板间距、地下水碱度和流速对吸附除氟效果的影响。实验结果表明,在负载炭纤维毡的电极一端加正电,可以提高除氟效果。当电压为1.6 V时除氟效果较好,单位面积炭毡处理达标水量为56.7 L/m2;极板间距设置为4mm时电吸附反应器除氟效果最佳;通过调节pH改变地下水碱度,当地下水pH调节为5.5时,电吸附反应器除氟效果较未调节前提高50%;当采用3对电极板,流速为1.88 m/h时,达到最高表面处理负荷2 073.6 L/(m2.d);探究了反应器的反洗再生方式,并连续进行了吸附再生的动态实验;穿透的反应器以Al2(SO4)3溶液为再生液并采用反向加电1.6 V的方式,可以达到较好的再生效果,实现连续动态运行。     

煅烧的水滑石同时去除水体中砷和氟

为探讨水滑石类材料对水体中氟、砷离子的同时去除效果,采用共沉淀法合成(Mg∶Al=2∶1)纳米类水滑石(LDHs),用傅立叶转换红外光谱、电子扫描透射电镜、X射线晶体衍射等手段对合成的材料进行了表征,并研究纳米材料在不同初始浓度、pH、吸附时间、阴离子干扰条件下其同时除砷氟性能。结果表明,煅烧后的水滑石(LDOs)对砷最大吸附量为51.02 mg/g,对氟最大吸附量为36.63 mg/g。吸附动力学实验表明,煅烧水滑石对砷的吸附在前6 h内基本完成,对氟的吸附在前10 h内基本完成。砷氟共存溶液保持pH=4~10及pH=6~8时,水滑石分别对砷、氟保持良好的吸附效率。对比不同阴离子对水滑石共除砷氟效率的影响,水滑石除砷速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:HPO2-4CO2-3NO-3Cl-SO2-4;水滑石除氟速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:CO2-3HPO2-4SO2-4Cl-NO-3。材料再生循环利用4次后,对砷和氟的吸附效率均能达到90%以上。实验结果表明,所合成的水滑石是一种优秀的能共除砷氟的吸附剂。     

季铵化改性木屑纤维素的制备及对氟离子的吸附研究

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为醚化剂,对木屑纤维素进行了季铵化改性.探讨了季铵化改性木屑纤维素用量、pH、吸附温度、氟离子初始浓度和吸附时间对氟离子静态吸附率的影响,以及流速对氟离子动态吸附率的影响.结果表明:(1)静态吸附最佳工艺条件:季铵化改性木屑纤维素用量为3.0 g/L,pH为4.0～6.0,吸附温度为25 ℃,吸附时间为120 min.在此最佳工艺条件下,季铵化改性木屑纤维素对100 mL 50.00 mg/L氟离子溶液的吸附率最高可达90.11%.(2)在pH为5.0、25 ℃的条件下,将50.00 mg/L氟离子溶液以5 mL/min的流速流经装有3.0 g/L季铵化改性木屑纤维素的吸附柱,吸附率可达97.95%.(3)季铵化改性木屑纤维素对溶液中氟离子的吸附过程为放热过程,在吸附过程中存在着化学吸附.(4)木屑来源丰富、价格价廉,季铵化改性木屑纤维素对溶液中氟离子的吸附效果好,且吸附工艺简单、易于实现工业化,具有良好的应用前景.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.