Black Sea beaches vulnerability to sea level rise

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) aims to promote sustainable management of coastal zones based on ecosystem and holistic management approaches. In this context, policies have to consider the complex interactions that influence the fragile equilibrium of coastal ecosystems. Beaches represent both valuable and vulnerable natural resources because of the various ecosystem services they provide and their sensitivity to climate change and sea level rise.We present the first comprehensive digital record of all Black Sea beaches and provide a rapid assessment of their erosion risk under different scenarios of sea level rise. Through the digitisation of freely available remote-sensed images on the web, we provide broad information on the spatial characteristics and other attributes of all Black Sea beaches (e.g. photo-based visual estimation of the sediment type, presence of coastal defences, urban development). These data have been assembled and stored in full Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) – allowing spatial queries, visualisation and data sharing – and are therefore particularly interesting to feed/supply web-GIS portals (coastal atlases) for visualisation purpose, spatial queries or spatial indicators calculations.The resulting Black Sea beaches database contains 1228 beaches, with a total coastline length of 2042 km with an area of 224 km². The majority of the Black Sea beaches have been found to have small widths (61% have maximum widths less than 50 m), whereas 47% of all beaches presented coastal defence schemes, suggesting an already serious beach erosion problem.The erosion risk of the Black Sea beaches was assessed through the comparison of their maximum widths with estimations of the sea level rise-induced retreat by an ensemble of six 1-D analytical and numerical morphodynamic models. Following more than 17,000 experiments using different combinations of wave conditions, beach sediment textures and slopes and 11 scenarios of sea level rise (up to 2 m), the means (best fits) of the lowest and highest projections by the model ensemble were estimated; these were then compared to the maximum widths of the Black Sea beaches. The analysis showed that sea level rise will have highly significant impacts on the Black Sea beaches, as for a 0.5 m sea level rise 56% of all beaches are projected to retreat by 50% of their maximum width. For a 0.82 m sea level rise (the high IPCC estimate for the period 2081–2100) about 41% are projected to retreat by their entire maximum width, whereas for 1 m sea level rise about 51% of all Black Sea beaches are projected to retreat by (drowned or shifted landward by) their entire maximum width, if the high mean of the model ensemble projections is used.Results substantiate the risk of beach erosion as a major environmental problem along the Black Sea coast, which therefore needs to be taken into account in any future coastal management plans, as a matter of urgency. As these scenarios consider only sea level rise, they are considered to be conservative. Although the present results cannot replace detailed studies, the database and projections may assist Black Sea coastal managers and policy makers to rapidly identify beaches with increased risk of erosion, valuate accordingly coastal assets and infrastructure, estimate beach capacity for touristic development purposes, and rapidly assess direct and indirect costs and benefits of beach protection options. They also provide the necessary inputs to advance discussions relevant to the Black Sea ICZM.     

自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估研究进展

自然保护地具有重大的生态效益和经济效益,近年来自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估已成为当前生态学和环境经济学的研究热点.通过系统地回顾自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估的历史沿革,从空间尺度、研究对象、评估方法、评估指标等方面综述了相关的研究进展.总体来看,国内外相关案例已基本覆盖了国家、行政区域、自然地理单元和单个自然保护地等不同空间尺度;分别以森林、湿地、草地和荒漠等代表性生态系统类型自然保护地开展了研究;多采用价值系数与物质量评估两种方法;同时,不同自然保护地在供给、支持、调节、文化等四大类服务的指标选择上各有不同.自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估工作仍存在标准体系不完善、时空动态研究不足、未充分考虑利益相关方等问题,建议未来我国自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估从以下几个方面加强研究:①加强基础性研究,探索自然保护地生态系统服务的生态学机制;②开展各指标的长期动态监测,建立健全不同类型自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估指标体系和技术方法;③加强时空动态分析及影响因素分析,运用动态模拟模型预测价值的变化;④充分考虑不同利益相关方之间的权衡,使其在生态补偿研究中发挥重要作用;⑤加强评估结果在自然保护地规划、建设、管理、保护等各方面的应用研究.      

填海造地生态损害评估:理论、方法及应用研究

论文建立了一系列生态-经济模型,用于评估填海造地生态损害的价值以及被填海域作为生产要素的价值。用所建立的模型对厦门填海造地进行经验估算,得出在厦门每m²填海造地生态损害的价值为279元,远远高于现行的填海造地海域使用金征收标准。加上海域作为生产要素的价值,厦门工业用填海造地海域使用金征收标准应该为327.82元/m²,商业用填海造地的海域使用金征收标准应该为相邻土地价格的50%～55%。研究结果可以为制定填海造地规划和控制填海造地的经济手段提供强有力的科技支撑。     

中国海洋入侵种的大海洋生态系空间分布

通过对中国海洋入侵种在大海洋生态系空间分布规律的分析,发现中国海洋入侵种的空间分布存在如下规律:(1)东海大海洋生态系海洋入侵种的种类最多,其次是南海和黄海;(2)植物性海洋入侵种种类最多,其次是动物和微生物;(3)多数海洋入侵种存在跨大海洋生态系分布的特点,较少海洋入侵种存在单一的大海洋生态系中。本文认为,保持良好的海洋生态环境是促进人类社会可持续发展的关键,以大海洋生态系为重要坐标和参照,对中国海洋入侵种空间分布规律的研究有利于我国海洋入侵种防治工作有的放矢的开展。     

浅析中国东海区海洋倾废管理现状与对策

实现对海洋倾废科学有效管理是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。东海是我国海洋生产力最大的海区,近年来,随着海洋经济和沿海区域经济的发展,向海上倾倒废弃物的数量和规模不断增加,在实际倾倒过程中出现了倾倒区选划利用不合理、违规倾倒和执法监管不力等问题,影响东海海洋生态环境平衡与可持续发展。因此,文章在对东海区海洋倾废活动现状进行全面客观梳理的基础上,就主要存在的问题进行实证分析,结合东海区海洋倾倒的实际需求,为实现合理有效的管理提出对策。     

渤海海洋资源的开发与持续利用

渤海是我国一个半封闭的内海,海域面积7.7×104km₂,具有丰富的海洋生物资源、海洋油气资源、海盐资源、滩涂资源、港口与滨海旅游资源等。随着对渤海海洋资源的开发,已形成了海洋渔业、海洋油气开采业、海洋运输业、滨海旅游、沿海造船和海盐业等海洋经济产业部门。通过对渤海海洋资源评估、对海洋资源开发及海洋经济增长、海洋产业部门结构特征以及当前渤海存在的海洋环境污染等问题进行分析研究,并应用层次分析法(AHP)对渤海海洋资源开发利用提出了重点与发展方向,明确了环渤海地区的海洋经济是以利用资源为主的资源型经济。由此提出了渤海海洋资源持续利用的对策。     

海洋生物资源的开发利用

开发利用海洋生物资源,是海洋开发的一项重要内容,已受到世界各海洋国家的关注。 一、海洋生物资源 海洋生物资源指生活在海洋(包括河口)的所有生命有机体,其中包括微生物、低等和高等植物、无脊椎动物和脊椎动物。虽然目前人类还只利用海洋生物资源的一小部分(如渔业资源),但各种海洋生物彼此互相联系,是构成海洋生态系统不可分割的组成部分,因此应从生态系统的观点来研究海洋生物资源。     

典型海岛生态系统服务及价值评估

海洋生态系统服务评估相关研究主要集中在特殊海洋生态系统的评估方面.海岛生态系统兼有陆地和海洋的生态系统特征,生态系统组成、结构复杂,很多的服务表现为岛陆互相交错,难以分别计量.选择庙岛群岛南五岛作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务,并进行了价值评估.结果表明:2003年庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务总价值为3.08×108元.其中,市场价值占到总服务价值的50.99%,与非市场价值基本持平.对于非市场生态系统服务,如气候调节、废弃物处理等,我们仅计算了目前人们已经认识到和容易计算的生态系统服务部分.因此,该研究仅为对庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务价值的保守估算.     

江苏如东附近海域夏季海洋环境噪声特性分析

近岸海域风电场等海洋工程产生的水下噪声可以影响海洋环境。本文以如东海域为研究区域,划分为港口区、风电场区和鱼类洄游区,分别监测其海洋环境噪声,获得水下噪声和水文气象要素数据,计算海洋环境噪声功率谱值,对噪声的频谱和区域分布特性进行了分析。结果表明,在海洋工程的影响下如东海域不同频率段的噪声功率谱显著增加,同时噪声功率谱峰值也有所增多。港口区低于140 Hz的水下噪声出现浅层大于深层的现象,异于其他区域;风电场区域噪声功率谱的极值增加最大;鱼类洄游区海域的噪声功率谱在1000 Hz以下出现多个峰值。港口区和风电场区海域水下噪声呈现近岸海域大于远岸。如东海域的水下噪声在海洋工程的影响下发生了剧烈的变化,噪声主要频率与该海域部分海洋生物的敏感频段相似,噪声功率谱临界甚至超过其听觉阈值,这会干扰海洋生物的听力和生存,严重者可直接致死,因此亟须对如东海域水下环境噪声进行长期的监测和治理。     

中国南中国海海岸湿地退化现状和保护对策

南中国海湿地包括广东省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、广西壮族自治区和海南省等五个行政区,总面积为15 393.75 km2。由于受人口增加和经济发展的巨大压力,中国南中国海湿地破坏严重,退化趋势明显。本文在对中国南中国海地区海岸湿地的现状、类型及湿地退化的主要原因进行分析的基础上,提出中国南中国海地区海岸湿地资源保护与管理的建议,以便切实保护中国南中国海沿海多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

渤海湾海岸带生境退化诊断方法

海岸带是世界上生产力和生物多样性最高的生境类型之一. 海岸带生境退化诊断技术研究是保护生态系统和近海生物资源的现实需求,将为海岸带环境管理提供有力的技术支撑. 以渤海湾海岸带为研究区域,基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架模型,构建了渤海湾生境退化诊断的指标体系;采用层次分析法确定指标权重系数,对渤海湾海岸带生境退化进行了综合诊断和评价. 结果表明:相对于20世纪80年代,20多年来渤海湾海岸带的水质下降了1个等级,底质和滩涂栖息地下降了2个等级,入海物质对海岸带环境的压力提高了2个等级,海岸带生境的综合评价结果下降了1个等级.      

Zero emissions of oil in water from offshore oil and gas installations: economic and environmental implications

‘Produced water’ is seawater mixed with hydrocarbons and derives from the extraction of oil and gas from under the seabed. Its discharge into the marine environment of the North Sea is strictly regulated. This paper discusses the environmental concerns associated with produced water, and the regulatory approach that is currently being taken to reduce produced water discharges into the sea. It is found that there is currently no evidence of harm to the marine environment from produced water, but a number of areas of uncertainty remain. A novel methodology, involving the analysis of material and energy flows, and their associated financial and environmental implications, is used to compare a number of different techniques of reducing these discharges. It is found that these techniques have significant environmental and financial implications. In the absence of evidence of actual environmental harm being caused by produced water, there are three possible precautionary approaches to its management and regulation. The approach that involves zero emissions of produced water implies a relatively high social valuation of the reduction in environmental risk that this achieves.     

Assessing water ecosystem services for water resource management

Ecosystem service concepts can offer a valuable approach for linking human and nature, and arguments for the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems. Despite an increasing interest in the topic, the application of these concepts for water resource management has been hampered by the lack of practical definitions and methodologies. In this study we review and analyse the current literature and propose an approach for assessing and valuing ecosystem services in the context of water management. In particular, to study the link between multiple pressures, ecological status and delivery of ecosystem services in aquatic ecosystems under different scenarios of measures or future changes. This is of interest for the development of River Basin Management Plans under the EU Water Framework Directive. We provide a list of proxies/indicators of natural capacity, actual flow and social benefit for the biophysical assessment of the ecosystem services. We advocate the use of indicators of sustainability, combining information on capacity and flow of services. We also suggest methods for economic valuation of aquatic ecosystem for each service and spatial scale of application. We argue that biophysical assessment and economic valuation should be conducted jointly to account for the different values of ecosystem services (ecologic, social and economic) and to strengthen the recognition of human dependency on nature. The proposed approach can be used for assessing the benefits of conservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems in the implementation of the EU water policy.     

The social dimension of biodiversity policy in the European Union: Valuing the benefits to vulnerable communities

This paper uses GIS-based mapping tools and economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services to explore the social dimension of biodiversity policy. We investigate the linkages between biodiversity, ecosystem service values, and socio-economic vulnerability indicators in a spatially explicit framework and at different geographic scales. Our focus is on Europe, where biodiversity and ecosystem benefits have been well studied for many ecosystems, such as forests, coastal ecosystems and freshwater wetlands. The analysis focuses in particular on rural agricultural areas and remote mountainous regions accounting for the differences across various income groups, both at national and regional levels. The results of the study provide useful insights for EU policymakers in designing policy instruments that can promote biodiversity conservation and prevent natural resource degradation, on the one hand, while contributing to social stability and human livelihoods, on the other hand.     

我国食用海洋生物资源的开发及其对策

在概述我国海域主要的资源生物及其开发现状的基础上,指出在70年代中期以前,随捕捞力量的增加,我国海洋总渔获量增长较快;但此后,尽管捕捞力量仍继续增加,总渔获量增长缓慢。作者认为,过度捕捞、污染以及其他不利的环境因素变化是导致总渔获量缓慢增长的主要原因。为合理利用资源,提高渔获量,应在加强海洋生态系研究的基础上,积极开发外海(包括远洋)资源,并着重发展海洋农牧化。     

基于GIS和InVEST模型的海岸带生态系统服务价值时空动态变化分析-以龙海市为例

本文选取地处海西城市群的漳州龙海市为研究区,基于联合国千年评估提出的生态系统服务框架,借助GIS技术、InVEST模型和经济价值模型评估方法,评估龙海近30 a(1986~2010)生态系统服务价值时空动态变化。结果表明:从1986至2010年,龙海生态系统服务价值整体呈降低趋势,尤其在南溪河口区、卓岐镇海区、海门岛及漳州开发区更为明显;龙海研究区域内生态系统服务价值存在明显空间差异性,单位面积生态系统服务价值较高为卓岐镇海区、漳州开发区、隆教湾、海门岛,人类干扰强度最大的龙海市中心为最低;龙海生态系统服务价值中养分调节、污染处理与控制及休闲娱乐价值明显高于其他服务价值,且七个分区生态系统服务主导功能存在明显差异,南溪河口区、海门岛、漳州开发区和紫泥岛有红树林的存在,红树林提供的气候调节和维持空气质量服务价值及防洪防潮稳定岸线服务价值较高。本研究可为龙海市海岸带空间规划和管理提供参考。     

我国海水养殖状况及渤海养殖治理成效分析

基于2016－2020年海水养殖统计数据和渤海综合治理攻坚战工作进展,本文分析了我国近岸海域和环渤海区域海水养殖变化趋势及渤海综合治理攻坚战成效。结果表明,渤海综合治理攻坚战在海水养殖方面取得了积极成效,环渤海三省一市海水养殖面积下降了7.7%,渤海区域清理整治非法和不符合分区管控要求的海水养殖超过7万公顷,渤海区域渔业产品捕捞量下降了40.7%。但是,环渤海区域集约化成效与全国沿海相比并不突出,全国海水养殖在面积下降的同时,产量增加8.8%,产值增加22.2%,环渤海三省一市在养殖面积下降幅度基本相同的情况下,产量降低0.6%,产值增加4.8%。生态环境问题仍然突出,环渤海三省一市约有5万公顷围海养殖位于海洋生态保护红线范围内,海水养殖尾水直接排放、超标排放情况普遍,有必要持续深入地加强监管。     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海域生态环境综合评价

海域生态环境评价作为承载力研究的基础,在近海生态管理中得到了广泛关注. 针对海洋生态环境研究中评价指标体系简单、标准相对单一及不利于实际应用等问题,以生态系统为研究视角构建了基于环境因子和生态响应的近海生态环境综合评价指标体系与指数计量方法,根据环境因子指数和生态响应指数在交叉判断矩阵中的位置,将近海生态环境状态分为优、良、中、差和劣5个等级,并将该方法应用于山东半岛蓝色经济区海域评价. 结果表明:研究海域整体环境因子指数为0.41~0.84(平均值为0.67),生态响应指数为0.17~0.75(平均值为0.45),综合评价等级为良,但已非常接近中等级别;其生态环境问题主要表现为溶解无机氮负荷较高、重金属和浮游动物密度负荷过低. 不同海域生态环境状态存在明显差异,25个近岸海域中等级优和良的共占60%,主要分布在山东半岛东部和西南部;海域等级为中和差的各占16%,另有8%海域等级为劣. 该评价模型与方法从生态环境整体性揭示海域存在问题,可为山东半岛蓝色经济区建设提供科学依据.      

近年来全国赤潮监控工作的成效以及存在问题与建议

根据国家海洋环境监视监测系统资料论述了中国近岸海域赤潮发生概况,并且较全面阐述了2002年以后赤潮的特点。即:赤潮发生次数和面积呈上升势头,且发生时间早、持续时间长;赤潮发生重点时段为每年的5~6月;赤潮发生重点区域为浙江近海、渤海和珠江口海域;有毒、有害赤潮发生频率和面积持续大幅度增加;赤潮主要优势种类为:具齿原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻、夜光藻和球形棕囊藻。此外,本文还探讨了赤潮监控工作中存在的问题,并针对问题提出了建议。     

海洋动力灾害承灾体脆弱性评价分析——以海口市为例

科学地进行海洋承灾体灾害脆弱性评价,是完善海洋灾害监测、预警、防控体系的基础,是海洋灾害风险管理的重要组成部分。本文以海洋动力灾害多发的海口市为例,在系统开展承灾体调查分析的基础上,从自然和社会属性两个方面对该市进行了脆弱性分析和评价。利用GIS技术,对研究结果进行了标准化制图。结果表明,海拔较低的港湾地区、人口密集区更易受到海洋动力灾害的影响。海口市极高脆弱性区域共439 km2, 主要集中在人口和重要承灾体较密集的市中心秀英区、龙华区、美兰区北部沿海区域和西秀镇西部等区域。本文关于海洋动力灾害承灾体脆弱性的评价结果属于海口市专题海洋灾害风险调查和评价结果,可为海口市规划布局、海洋动力灾害风险防范提供重要参考。