土地生物处理有机污染物过程模拟研究

在物科平衡原理的基础上，应用一种新的理论－土壤颗粒内部屏理论，建立了定量描述土地生物处理有污染物过程的综合数学模型，数学模型为球体扩散模型，其中包括用线性吸附等温线表示的可逆吸附和解吸过程，用假一级反应动力学方程表示的不可逆土壤屏蔽反应过程，用Monod方程表示的生物解过程，数学模型采用有限差分法求解，用砂壤土进行实验，实验结果与模型计算结果基本拟合，表示模型基本可靠，利用数学模型，可以定量预测有机污染物在土壤系统中进行生物处理，以达到科学指导土地生物处理工程的目的。     

有机污染物土地生物处理过程动态规律模拟研究

应用土壤颗粒内部有机污染物屏蔽理论,说明土地生物处理过程中残余有机污染物在土壤中的滞留现象,提出描述有机污染物在土壤及相连的水环境中生物降解过程的数学模型.其中,污染物的扩散过程用Fick第二扩散定律表示,可逆的吸附和解吸过程用线性吸附等温线表示,不可逆的土壤颗粒内部屏蔽过程用假一级反应动力学方程表示,生物降解过程用Monod动力学方程表示.模型计算结果与实验结果基本拟合,表示模型基本可靠.利用该数学模型,可以定量预测有机污染物进行土地生物处理所需的时间、处理的程度及动态规律.     

大连生活垃圾焚烧致癌污染物预防和控制

分析了生活垃圾焚烧过程中可能产生二英类和苯并[a]芘类致癌污染物的原因，特别是对低温生成二恶英类致癌污染物、高温生成苯并[a]芘类致癌污染物作了简要介绍，并在此基础上，结合大连实际提出了有效预防和控制方法与措施。     

泸州市城市空气污染物的变化规律与特征

本文详细论述了2000～2001年度泸州市城市空气污染物SO2、NO2和总悬浮颗粒物在月、季的浓度水平及其变化的规律；同时，本文还运用污染负荷系数法、污染物的空气质量指数法分析了三种主要空气污染物SO2、NO2和总悬浮颗粒物对泸州市城市空气的污染程度和相对强弱；最后运用空气污染指数法(API)对2000～2001年度各月、各季的空气污染综合指数进行了计算并分析了全年的空气污染状况，给出了泸州市城市空气的污染类型和污染的表征颜色。研究结果表明，泸州市空气污染物以总悬浮颗粒物为主。其次为气体污染物SO2，且空气污染物的负载水平具有季节性。     

气态污染物的非平衡等离子体处理技术

近年来利用等离子体技术对气态污染物的氧化分解研究受到了广泛的关注。本文介绍了等离子体概念、分类及产生方法，简述了非平衡等离子体技术对气体污染物的降解原理，较全面地介绍了等离子体技术在脱硫、脱硝以及降解挥发性有机物（VOCs）等方面的研究。最后指出了今后等离子体处理废气的应用研究方向。     

基于CEEMD-BiGRU模型的徐州市大气污染物浓度预测

目前大气污染物对于地区经济以及人体健康的影响不容忽视。选取徐州市2016-01-01—2021-01-24大气污染物和气象要素数据,针对大气污染物浓度波动性强等特点,运用互补集成经验模态分解(CEEMD)将污染物数据分解为本征模态分量,提取出原始数据的各项特征,再对分解出的各本征模态分量构建双向门控循环单元模型(BiGRU),通过双向循环训练,学习各分量的特征趋势并获得最优训练参数,将输出结果重构,得到最终的预测值。结果表明:与BiGRU、BP模型相比,CEEMD-BiGRU模型预测各项大气污染物的平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别下降15%、20%和2百分点以上,预测精度有较大提升。在此基础上,利用CEEMD-BiGRU模型预测后一时间段残差,以修正原预测值,得到大气污染物预测区间上界,进一步扩展模型的适用性。     

大气污染物预测浓度有效数字的探讨

通过对大气污染物预测值（叠加值）的有效数字及相关参数的探讨，得出大气污染物（SO2、TSP、PMl0、NO2）预测浓度最终的有效数字为2位。考虑实际计算需要，建议大气污染物预测浓度以mg／m^3为单位，小数点后最多保留3位数字。     

街道峡谷地面源污染物扩散规律的风洞试验研究

在风洞中１／２５０街道峡谷模型的底板内释放示踪气体，通过对浓度分布特征的观测，分析了街道峡谷 面湖泊污染物的扩散过程及其与街道建筑物结构，风向及排放源强度等因素之间的关系，探讨了中性边界层风洞模拟微尺度湍流扩散过程的相似准则与相似参数，为建立街道峡谷地面源污染物扩散模型提供了物理基础。     

含氧替代燃料燃烧污染物排放特点浅析

综合分析了含氧替代燃料的来源、成份和燃烧后尾气排放特性．着重阐述了含氧替代燃料应用中污染物排放特点：虽然含氧替代燃料燃烧过程中二氧化硫、一氧化碳、炭氢化合物和煤烟等常规污染物排放明显降低，但醇和醛类等非常规污染物排放会明显增加，这些非常规污染物的排放及环境影响在国内还没有引起足够的重视，需要对含氧替代燃料应用过程中非常规污染物的排放特性及抑制机理进行更深入的研究。     

我国水污染物排放标准体系调整的比较探讨

从我国水污染物排放标准现状出发，分析其结构特点，剖析了现行排放标准执行过程中的若干问题，并与美国水污染物排放标准体系进行比较，提出适应我国21世纪环境管理需要的水污染物排放标准体系调整的基本设想。主要包括：水污染物排放标准建立在经济可行的技术基础上，脱离与功能区对应的关系，采用吨产品排放限值，缩小综合排放标准扩大行业排放标准，逐步按工艺、产品种类制定排放标准。     

Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal gasification

The hazardous organic pollutants generated from coal gasification, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic. More researchers have paid particular attention to them. Using air and steam as gasification medium, the experiments of three kinds of coals were carried out in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier. The contents of the 16 PAHs specified by US EPA in raw coal, slag, bag house coke, cyclone coke and gas were measured by HPLC to study the contents of PAHs in raw coal and the effects of the inherent characters of coals on the formation and release of PAHs in coal gasification. The experimental results showed that the distributions of PAHs in the gasified products are similar to raw coals and the total-PAHs content in coal gasification is higher than in raw coal(except Coal C). The totaI-PAHs contents increase and then decrease with the rise of fixed carbon and sulfur of coal while there has an opposite variation when volatile matters content increase. The quantities of PAHs reduce with the increase of ash content or the drop of heating value during coal gasification.     

Sequentially coupled flow-geomechanical modeling of underground coal gasification for a three-dimensional problem

Underground coal gasification (UCG) has been identified as an environmentally friendly technique for gasification of deep un-mineable coal seams in situ. This technology has the potential to be a clean and promising energy provider from coal seams with minimal greenhouse gas emission. The UCG eliminates the presence of coal miners underground hence, it is believed to be a much safer technique compared to the deep coal mining method. The UCG includes drilling injection and production wells into the coal seam, igniting coal, and injecting oxygen-based mix to facilitate coal gasification. Produced syngas is extracted from the production well. Evolution of a cavity created from the gasification process along with high temperature as well as change in pore fluid pressure causes mechanical changes to the coal and surrounding formations. Therefore, simulation of the gasification process alone is not sufficient to represent this complex thermal-hydro-chemical–mechanical process. Instead, a coupled flow and geomechanical modeling can help better represent the process by allowing simultaneous observation of the syngas production, advancement of the gasification chamber, and the cavity growth. Adaptation of such a coupled simulation would aid in optimization of the UCG process while helping controlling and mitigating the environmental risks caused by geomechanical failure and syngas loss to the groundwater. This paper presents results of a sequentially coupled flow-geomechanical simulation of a three-dimensional (3D) UCG example using the numerical methodology devised in this study. The 3D model includes caprock on top, coal seam in the middle, and another layer of rock underneath. Gasification modeling was conducted in the Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (CMG)’s Steam, Thermal, and Advanced processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS). Temperature and fluid pressure of each grid block as well as the cavity geometry, at the timestep level, were passed from the STARS to the geomechanical simulator i.e. the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions (FLAC3D) computer program (from the Itasca Consulting Group Inc.). Key features of the UCG process which were investigated herein include syngas flow rate, cavity growth, temperature and pressure profiles, porosity and permeability changes, and stress and deformation in coal and rock layers. It was observed that the coal matrix deformed towards the cavity, displacement and additional stress happened, and some blocks in the coal and rock layers mechanically failed.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

高硫煤热解部分气化过程中硫的变迁行为

针对3种不同煤阶的高硫煤,分别在固定床反应器中考察其固定升温速率下原煤热解和半焦在不同温度下的水蒸气部分气化过程中的硫变迁行为.研究过程分为热解和部分气化2个子过程.结果表明,热解过程中大同、义马和西山煤总脱硫率分别为41%、42.5%和23.1%,其过程中FeS₂完全转化为FeS,不稳定的有机硫部分析出,硫从固相中的脱除大于碳的转化,硫在气相中得到富集;在部分气化过程中,对于大同和西山煤,半焦中硫含量可有效降低,脱硫率分别提高26.47%和19.37%,其中无机硫化物(FeS)易于气化析出,其析出程度随温度升高而增大.但对义马煤焦部分气化结果证实:在700℃气化时,总脱硫率可提高24.60%,在高于700℃气化时,有利于碱土金属与H₂S反应进行,同时由于碳骨架的气化速度加快,降低了其有机质对灰分固硫行为的传质阻力,所以灰分中碱土金属的固硫作用增强,使得半焦中硫含量增加,脱硫率与碳转化率的差值下降,不利于硫的脱除.     

燃煤电厂飞灰吸附非多环芳烃类有机污染物的检出及意义

电厂燃煤过程中可以产生大量的SOX、NOX 及多环芳烃类 (PAHS)污染物。本文通过贵阳电厂飞灰吸附有机烃类污染物的实验研究 ,首次发现并检出了大量非PAHS 类有机污染物 ,其中包括有机酸类化合物以及非有机酸类化合物 ,从而证明燃煤过程是上述非PAHS 类有机污染物形成和排放 ,尤其是酸雨前体物质之一———有机酸生成排放的一个重要途径 ,丰富了关于煤粉燃烧过程中有机污染物生成排放的理论研究体系。     

冶金行业环境污染物的特征与监测技术综述

冶金行业是国民经济重要的基础原材料工业,在其制造体系中大量的物质、产品流、废弃物、能量转换过程、多形式的排放过程都对环境造成不同层次和程度上的影响。针对不同工艺产生的污染物特征及主要污染物的种类,综述了环境监测运用的各类监测技术、监测方法,为环境管理、污染源控制、环境规划等提供科学依据。     

磷石膏还原分解过程中CaS的产生机理分析

在N₂气氛下,利用热重分析仪和管式炉,研究了不同粒径还原剂高硫煤条件下磷石膏分解过程中CaS的产生机理.结果表明:在1 000～1 150 ℃的范围内,CaS主要是由磷石膏中的CaSO₄与高硫煤气化产生的CO反应产生.在CaSO₄分解过程中CaS与CaO的生成反应存在明显的平行竞争现象.CaS的产生机理可以通过缩芯模型进行合理解释.对磷石膏分解的固相及气相产物进行的物性分析表明,不同粒径高硫煤对CaS生成量的影响主要是通过控制煤粉气化过程及后续反应来实现的.      

灰分对高硫煤热解部分气化硫变迁的影响

采用分步脱除矿物质方法,对义马原煤及HCl,HCl-HF,HCl-HNO₃处理后煤样,分别在固定床反应器中考察了热解部分气化下硫的脱除规律.结果表明:一方面在热解过程中原煤及酸处理煤样H₂S和COS的析出均呈双峰趋势,其析出值主要受温度、原煤中灰分和HNO₃氧化作用;另一方面,在部分气化和酸处理后煤样热解半焦在600℃～900℃范围内硫脱除率可达50%～80%,800℃时,无机硫可完全脱除.而原煤热解半焦总硫,无机硫的脱除率在700℃时最大.气化温度的升高,加强了碱性矿物质的固硫作用,其结果是900℃气化时,总硫和无机硫脱除率降低.酸处理后有机硫含量基本保持不变,其噻吩结构只随碳骨架的气化而析出.     

Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change via the implementation of underground coal gasification

Coal is the most abundant hydrocarbon energy source in the world. It also produces a very high volume of greenhouse gases using the current production technology. It is more difficult to handle and transport than crude oil and natural gas. We face a challenge: how can we access this abundant resource and at the same time mitigate global environmental challenges, in particular, the production of carbon dioxide (CO₂)? The editors of this special edition journal consider the opportunity to increase the utilization of this globally abundant resource and recover it in an environmentally sustainable manner. Underground coal gasification (UCG) is the recovery of energy from coal by gasifying the coal underground. This  process produces a high calorific synthesis gas, which can be applied for electricity generation and/or the production of fuels and chemicals. The carbon dioxide emissions are relatively pure and the surface facilities are limited in their environmental footprint. Unused carbon is readily separated and can be geo-sequester in the resulting cavity. The cavity is also being considered as a potential option to mitigate against change impacts of other sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. These outcomes mean there is an opportunity to provide developing and developed countries a source of low-cost clean energy. Further, the burning of coal in situ means that the traditional dangers of underground mining and extraction are reduced, a higher percentage of the coal is actually recovered and the resulting cavern creates the potential for a long-term storage solution of the gasification wastes. The process is not without challenges. Ground subsidence and groundwater pollution are two potential environmental impacts that need to be averted for this process to be acceptable. It is essential to advance the understanding of this practice and this special edition journal seeks to share the progress that scientists are making in this dynamic field. The technical challenges are being addressed by researchers around the world who work to resolve and understand how burning coal underground impacts the geology, the surface land, and ground water both in the short and the long term. This special issue reviews the process of UCG and considers the opportunities, challenges, risks, competitive analysis and synergies, commercial initiatives and a roadmap to solutions via the modelling and simulation of UCG. Building and then disseminating the fundamental knowledge of UCG will enhance policy development, best practices and processes that reflect the global desires for energy production with reduced environmental impact.     

水蒸汽流化下煤气化气态污染物释放研究1.污染物生成与脱硫实验研究

在一个连续给煤下排料的实验室规划的流化床煤气化实验台上，对不同煤种，不同温度情况下主要污染物硫化氢，氨，氰化氢的产量进行了测量，分析了各种操作条件对污染物流量的影响，并通过平行实验的比较，考察了在水蒸汽存在的还原气氛中不同温度，不同钙硫比条件下石灰石的脱硫效率。