仪扬河仪征段水质污染调查与原因分析

分析了仪扬河仪征段水质污染现状，研究表明，仪扬河仪征段水质呈Ⅳ-劣Ⅴ类。根据污染源的调查分析，仪扬河仪征段除主要接纳扬州市古运河的污水外，还接纳沿途的地表径流、工农业污水以及仪征市区排放的污水。提出了影响水质的主要污染因子以及改善水质的对策与建议。     

沸石强化A/O生物脱氮工艺氨氮去除机理研究

沸石强化A/O生物脱氮实验研究表明,沸石对配水氨氮具有良好的吸附性能,其吸附特征可以通过Frend lich和Langmu ir吸附等温线表征,但对污水中氨氮的吸附较配水吸附要复杂。由于沸石能与微生物构成沸石-生物复合体,从而增加了系统的硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量,改善了A段的反硝化作用和O段的硝化作用。吸附饱和的铵沸石在硝化细菌和电导率的协同作用下,经好氧曝气4.5 h,能再生69.8%。在A段,进水氨氮浓度较高,沸石吸附氨氮,提高污水碳氮比,促进生物反硝化;进入O段,在盐度和微生物的协同作用下,混合液氨氮浓度因为生物降解而逐渐降低,不断打破铵沸石的吸附-脱附平衡,铵沸石不断释放氨氮而得到充分的再生。     

永定河上游张家口地区水污染物排放负荷与贡献

运用源强系数法,估算永定河上游张家口地区不同来源水污染物的排放负荷,并评估不同污染源的贡献。结果表明:(1)永定河上游张家口地区COD排放负荷为97 533.43t/a;氨氮排放负荷为10 596.73t/a;总磷排放负荷为1 389.11t/a。(2)COD主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的53.66%和31.41%;氨氮主要来自城镇和农村生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的40.15%和27.04%;总磷主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的28.99%和26.54%。(3)从空间上看,宣化区COD、氨氮、总磷排放负荷均为最大,宣化区是永定河上游张家口地区水污染的主要贡献区。     

浙江省工业废水预处理排放标准制定可行性探讨——以氨氮为例

工业污染源间接排放控制体系的不完善导致污水处理厂出水水质超标严重,使污水处理厂成为污染物集中排放源,带来了较大的环境风险.以氨氮为例,阐明了制定浙江省工业企业废水预处理排放标准的必要性,分析认为企业预处理模式比集中处理模式更具经济可行性,并提出了进一步完善工业企业废水预处理纳管标准体系及其实施手段的对策建议.     

盐河淮阴区段水质污染现状评价及防治对策

水污染是困扰淮阴区工农业发展的问题之一。因此对盐河淮阴区段近几年来的水质状况进行了评价，分析了水体污染形成的原因及发展趋势，阐述了污染特征和程度，并提出了改善水环境的对策。     

天然沸石吸附氨氮的影响因素

对比研究了沸石对生活污水和人工配制氯化铵溶液中氨氮的吸附特性，考察了沸石投加量、反应时间、悬浮物、阳离子和阴离子对沸石吸附氨氮的影响。结果表明，沸石对生活污水中氨氮的吸附能力明显低于人工配制氯化铵溶液，氨氮去除率随着沸石投加量的增加而增加，但单位质量沸石的氨氮吸附量却随之减小，吸附过程呈现快速吸附，缓慢平衡的特点。生活污水中悬浮物的存在，会削减沸石对氨氮的吸附能力。不同类型的阳离子和阴离子的加入都能导致人工配制氯化铵溶液中氨氮在沸石上的吸附量存在差异。阳离子的影响趋势主要为价态的影响，即价态越高，对氨氮吸附阻碍作用越显著，当阳离子当量浓度〉2meq／L时，影响吸附强弱的顺序为Ca2＋〉Mg2＋ 〉Na＋；阴离子影响沸石吸附强弱的顺序受初始氨氮的浓度影响较大。Langmuir等温方程式较Freundich、DubininRadushkevich、KobleCorrigan和Temkin等温方程式更好地描述沸石吸附氨氮的行为。     

京杭大运河多起水污染事故的应急监测和处置工作

京杭大运河宿迁段发生了氨氮、氟化物和砷两起突发性水污染事故,在对突发性水污染事故的污染源调查和应急监测工作进行总结的基础上,提出了环境监测工作中应对突发性水污染事故的工作原则和建议,供环境监测工作者参考.     

大坦沙污水厂承接粪便污水的脱氮除磷研究

广州市大坦沙污水处理厂采用A²/O工艺，合并处理城市生活污水和粪便污水，由于粪便污水的污染物含量高和水量不稳定等特点，对水厂的运行有不利的影响。实践表明：通过控制好氧池溶解氧、延长好氧段的水力停留时间、增大回流比和提高MLSS与污泥龄等措施，该厂取得较好的脱氮除磷效果，实现出水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷达标排放。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性，总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法，通过沸石对NH4^ 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验，确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明，在废水浓度pH＝7的条件下，沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到12.96mg/g沸石，且交换容量随pH值的增大而降低；高速低温有利于吸附，低速高温有利于洗脱；处理后污水氨氮含量低于50mg/L，达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据。     

骆马湖水体氮污染特征分析

2005年通过对骆马湖水质监测，并结合近几年的监测资料进行了分析，结果表明，氮是骆马湖水体的主要污染物，包括总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮，其主要特征是入湖河流、降水、围网养殖和点源带来的污染。     

多元统计分析对再生水河流水质特征分析

对以再生水为补给水源的通惠河进行水质监测，采用模糊综合评价的方法总体评价了通惠河的水质状况，综合评价结果表明，高碑店污水处理厂处理排放人河道的水质达到Ⅱ类水平，对通惠河的污染起到了一定的缓解作用。引入多元统计分析的方法：（1）空间聚类模型将通惠河水质类型分为两类，并具体分析了两种类型的水质18个参数的差别。分析发现第1类水体的主要污染物为硝态氮、亚硝态氮引起的氮污染、磷污染等工业污染，而第2类水体的污染主要以生活污水带来的有机污染为主。（2）运用因子分析解析通惠河的污染来源——主要来源于点源排放的污水产生的氨氮、硝态氮和有机污染。为保持再生水水质，需要对水质差的污染区设立重点监测点并控制偷排现象。     

Response of the fish populations of the River Don in South Yorkshire to water quality and habitat improvements

The River Don in Yorkshire, UK, has suffered a legacy of pollution and land contamination that dates back to the Industrial Revolution. The river continues to be impacted by discharges from industry, mining and sewage sources, resulting in poor water quality and considerable damage to the fish stocks. Some modest reductions in ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and metal levels have been achieved through improvements to sewage treatment works and the shutting down of some industries. The decline in the steel industry has generally led to sustained low and acceptable levels of iron and nickel in the river, although some locations are impacted by ochre from abandoned mines. As a consequence, recreational fishing in the catchment remains restricted at many locations. Fish stocking and enhancement programmes have so far been ineffective due to setbacks from ad hoc pollution incidents and degraded habitats. It is suggested that the water quality and habitat degradation problems be addressed prior to embarking on any large-scale fish stock enhancement programmes. This would require substantial financial investment and it is recommended that funding be actively sought from both internal and external agencies to achieve this objective.     

Assessment of nematode community structure as a bioindicator in river monitoring

Nematode communities from river water and sediments were assessed for the abundance, feeding types, maturity indices and nematode channel ratio (NCR). The sampling sites studied included different levels of pollution and contamination from agricultural, industrial and sewage sources. The nematode abundance found in the sediment samples was more than that in the water samples. The lowest nematode abundance in sediment samples and the lowest NCR in water samples were both found at the industrial pollution site. Water samples showed positive correlation between the NCR and river pollution index (RPI). Mean maturity indices in sediment samples were inversely correlated with RPI. The pollutant source determined the relationship between NCR and pollution level, while maturity index always showed negative correlation with pollutant level regardless of the pollutant sources. The nematode abundance and its community structure were both reliable bioindicators for monitoring long-term river pollution in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.     

Seasonal and spatial variation of diffuse (non-point) source zinc pollution in a historically metal mined river catchment, UK

Quantifying diffuse sources of pollution is becoming increasingly important when characterising river catchments in entirety - a prerequisite for environmental management. This study examines both low and high flow events, as well as spatial variability, in order to assess point and diffuse components of zinc pollution within the River West Allen catchment, which lies within the northern England lead-zinc Orefield. Zinc levels in the river are elevated under all flow regimes, and are of environmental concern. Diffuse components are of little importance at low flow, with point source mine water discharges dominating instream zinc concentration and load. During higher river flows 90% of the instream zinc load is attributed to diffuse sources, where inputs from resuspension of metal-rich sediments, and groundwater influx are likely to be more dominant. Remediating point mine water discharges should significantly improve water quality at lower flows, but contribution from diffuse sources will continue to elevate zinc flux at higher flows.     

Contribution of nitrogen sources to streams in mixed-use watershed varies seasonally in a temperate region

The Beiyun river flows through a hot spot region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China that serves a majority of occupants. However, the region experiences severe nitrate pollution, posing a threat to human health due to inadequate self-purification capacity. In that context, there is an urgent need to assess nitrate levels in this region. Herein, we used δ¹⁵N-NO₃, δ¹⁸O-NO₃ isotopes analysis, and stable isotope analysis model to evaluate the nitrate source apportionment in the Beiyun river. A meta-analysis was then used to compare the potential similarity of nitrate sources among the Beiyun riverine watershed and other watersheds. Results of nitrate source apportionment revealed that nitrate originated from the manure and sewage (contribution rate: 89.6%), soil nitrogen (5.9%), and nitrogen fertilizer (3.9%) in the wet season. While in the dry season, nitrate mainly originated from manure and sewage (91.6%). Furthermore, different land-use types exhibited distinct nitrate compositions. Nitrate in urban and suburban areas mostly was traced from manure and sewage (90.5% and 78.8%, respectively). Notably, the different nitrate contribution in the rural-urban fringe and plant-covered areas were manure and sewage (44.3% and 32.8%), soil nitrogen (26.9% and 35.7%), nitrogen fertilizer (23.5% and 29.4%), and atmospheric deposition (5.3% and 2.0%). Through a meta-analysis, we found nitrogen fertilizer, soil nitrogen, and manure and sewage as the main nitrate sources in the Beiyun riverine watershed or the other similar complexed watersheds in the temperate regions. Thus, this study provides a scientific basis for nitrate source apportionment and nitrate pollution preventive management in watersheds with complexed land-use types in temperate regions.

     

Aerosol species concentrations and source apportionment of ammonia at Rocky Mountain National Park

Changes in ecosystem function at Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) are occurring because of emissions of nitrogen and sulfate species along the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, as well as sources farther east and west. The nitrogen compounds include both oxidized and reduced nitrogen. A year-long monitoring program of various oxidized and reduced nitrogen species was initiated to better understand their origins as well as the complex chemistry occurring during transport from source to receptor. Specifically, the goals of the study were to characterize the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen species in gaseous, particulate, and aqueous phases (precipitation and clouds) along the east and west sides of the Continental Divide; identify the relative contributions to atmospheric nitrogen species in RMNP from within and outside of the state of Colorado; identify the relative contributions to atmospheric nitrogen species in RMNP from emission sources along the Colorado Front Range versus other areas within Colorado; and identify the relative contributions to atmospheric nitrogen species from mobile sources, agricultural activities, and large and small point sources within the state of Colorado. Measured ammonia concentrations are combined with modeled releases of conservative tracers from ammonia source regions around the United States to apportion ammonia to its respective sources, using receptor modeling tools.

Implications: Increased deposition of nitrogen in RMNP has been demonstrated to contribute to a number of important ecosystem changes. The rate of deposition of nitrogen compounds in RMNP has crossed a crucial threshold called the “critical load.” This means that changes are occurring to park ecosystems and that these changes may soon reach a point where they are difficult or impossible to reverse. Several key issues need attention to develop an effective strategy for protecting park resources from adverse impacts of elevated nitrogen deposition. These include determining the importance of previously unquantified nitrogen inputs within the park and identification of important nitrogen sources and transport pathways.     

Ammonium and nitrate tolerance in lichens

Since lichens lack roots and take up water, solutes and gases over the entire thallus surface, these organisms respond more sensitively to changes in atmospheric purity than vascular plants. After centuries where effects of sulphur dioxide and acidity were in the focus of research on atmospheric chemistry and lichens, recently the globally increased levels of ammonia and nitrate increasingly affect lichen vegetation and gave rise to intense research on the tolerance of lichens to nitrogen pollution. The present paper discusses the main findings on the uptake of ammonia and nitrate in the lichen symbiosis and to the tolerance of lichens to eutrophication. Ammonia and nitrate are both efficiently taken up under ambient conditions. The tolerance to high nitrogen levels depends, among others, on the capability of the photobiont to provide sufficient amounts of carbon skeletons for ammonia assimilation. Lowly productive lichens are apparently predisposed to be sensitive to excess nitrogen.     

Validity and uncertainty in the calculation of an emission inventory for ammonia arising from agriculture in Great Britain

Emissions of ammonia have received increasing attention recently, following concern about the environmental consequences, especially in The Netherlands where levels are high due to intensive livestock farming. Direct local effects and more widespread consequences for a range of ecosystems have been attributed to ammonia emissions. As the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere, ammonia interacts with acidic species, changing their characteristics, chemical and physical behaviour, and enhancing their potential for acidification of soils. Ammonia also forms an important component of the nitrogen cycle and of nitrogen deposition. In the UK, as in many other European countries, there has been a considerable increase in the emission of ammonia within the last 30 years, estimated at about 50%. This results mainly from increases in agricultural production based on the steadily rising number of livestock and increasing fertilizer consumption. This paper discusses the various sources to emissions of ammonia from agricultural sources in the United Kingdom, and some of the uncertainties involved in constructing a national emissions inventory.     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。