燕山石化地区NMHC的特征研究

本文采用气相色谱－质谱联用方法，对燕山石化地区不同生产区域的大气样品，定量地进行非甲烷碳氢化合物（ＮＭＨＣ）的分类测定。本方法可以鉴定Ｃ２－Ｃ１１共六十多个色谱峰。实验表明，燕山石化地区烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃等各类碳氢化合物均具有较高浓度，是对ＮＭＨＣ有重要贡献的一个工业源。本文还参照各大气样品的不同来源，分析了ＮＭＨＣ的排放特征，从而确定了燕山石化区ＮＭＨＣ排放的典型物种。     

杨树排放碳氢化合物的相关因素

采用封闭式气袋采样和气相色谱法，对杨树排放碳氢化合物（ＨＣｓ）的情况进行了调查，结果发现，与油松排放情况不同，杨树主要排放异戊二烯，约占其ＨＣｓ排放总量的９５％以上，且与温度，光强正相关，排放的日变化表明，杨树在正午有一排放高峰，夜间基本不排放，在春季和夏季日均气温分别为１９．２℃和２８．８℃，杨树的异戊二烯平均总排放速率分别为４．４和３９．８μｇ／ｇ．ｈ。     

NOx分解还原催化研究进展

介绍和评价了ＮＯ_ｘ分解还原的３类催化剂：贵金属催化剂、氧化物催化剂、金属离子置换的分子筛。在ＮＯ_ｘ的碳氢化合物选择性催化还原反应（ＨＣ－ＳＣＲ反应）中，同样有３类催化剂，即金属氧化物、贵金属和分子筛。由于Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５是目前最有希望投入实际使用的一种，故本文重点介绍了它对ＮＯ_ｘ的ＨＣ－ＳＣＲ反应的催化机理，以及温度、Ｏ_２含量、Ｃｕ~（２＋）的置换度、不同种类ＨＣ及ＨＣ含量等各种因素对Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５的影响，并对其工作台试验进行了评价，指出了其存在的问题及当前的研究热点。     

OH自由基引发的甲烷光化学氧化体系中有机过氧化物的研究

在１．０１３２５×１０＾５Ｐａ,２９８Ｋ,Ｏ２－Ｎ２气氛下,采用长光路付立叶红外光谱仪跟踪反应进程,高压液相色谱仪测定反应产物中有机过氧化物,研究了ＯＨ自由基基引发的甲烷光化学反应体系,证实反应产物中有Ｈ２Ｏ２、甲基过氧化氢（ＣＨ３Ｏ２Ｈ,ＭＨＰ）和过氧甲醚（ＣＨ３Ｏ２ＣＨ３）,并发现羟甲基过氧化氢（ＨＯＣＨ２ＯＯＨ,ＨＭＨＰ）和一未知有机过氧化物,ＨＭＨＰ的发现表明ＣＨ４氧化过程中可能存在过氧甲     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD的结构和性质研究

以聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）和双腈双胺（ＤＣＤ）为原料,合成了有机絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ。用ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ和１３ＣＮＭＲ等方法对其结构进行了表征,探讨了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ溶解度随ｐＨ值变化的规律,研究了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ对活性染料的絮凝脱色和去除ＣＯＤＣｒ的性能。结果表明,ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ是侧链带有多种极性基团的聚合物;在酸性条件下溶解度较小,碱性条件下溶解度较大;在加入量较少的情况下使活性染料的脱色率接近１００％,并对ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除有较大贡献。     

配施的有机无机肥料氮在红壤性水稻土中的残留特征

（１５）Ｎ追踪结果显示，熟化上（Ａ）和低肥力土（Ｃ）有机、无机肥料配施的氮的残留特征均为随配施有机成分和土壤肥力水平的变化而变化．肥力制约残留水平，肥料氮总平衡影响残留率一利用率一损失率的关系；配施有机肥是造成氮残留差异的基本因素，相关分析表明，总残留主体为有机肥氮，残留率随有机肥Ｃ／Ｎ和木质素含量的增减而增减；影响无机肥氮残留的相关因素较复杂．有机氮残留量占总残留量的百分数与无视氮残留量占总残留量的百分数之比，在Ａ，Ｃ两种土壤中约为２．肥力对氮残留作用的实质是，肥料氮在低肥力土中具固持优势，而在熟化土中具矿化利用优势．肥力因素对无机氮残留的影响更显著．根据配施组合中有机成分Ｃ／Ｎ－木质素含量与氮残留／平衡特征的关系．将不同配施组合划分为三大类型。     

ZrO2负载过渡金属氧化物催化剂对CO＋NO（O2）反应的影响

本文运用固定床微反技术考察了Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ,Ｍｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ负载（ＺｒＯ２载体）氧化物对ＣＯ＋ＮＯ（Ｏ２）反应的催化活性。研究了ＮＯ和ＣＯ在不同比例时,催化剂对Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｎ２生成的影响。结果表明,在ＮＯ＋ＣＯ反应中,ＮＯ和ＣＯ的比例对催化剂活性和Ｎ２Ｏ,Ｎ２生成均有明显的影响,ＣｕＯｘ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂的活性最高;Ｎ２Ｏ是ＮＯ＋ＣＯ反应的中间产物,低温或ＮＯ过量时有利于生成Ｎ２Ｏ,高温或ＮＯ不足时有     

Fe（Ⅲ）水解过程中无机阴离子的影响作用

本文通过ＰＯ＾３－ ４，Ｆ＾－，ＳＯ＾２－ ４，Ｃｌ＾－，ＮＯ＾－ ３和ＣｌＯ＾－ ４存在时，０．１ｍｏｌ／１ ＦｅＣｌ３溶液的碱中和曲线的分析对比，说明了用曲线斜率区分滴定曲线为三个区域：（Ａ）自发水解反应；（Ｂ）聚合反应；（Ｃ）沉淀反应，以及阴离子对中和曲线的影响及其规律，指出阴子子对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）浓度中和反应影响为不同程度的竞争配位，参与聚合及电中和脱稳，使沉淀反应提前等。并与ＯＨ＾－共同形成Ｆ     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺研究

通过对垃圾填埋处理场渗滤液的处理工艺研究,并根据渗滤液的特性建立一套适合我国实际的 Ａ— Ｏ— Ｃ— Ｃ Ｌ 处理工艺．试验研究结果表明,出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ） ＝ ２０５ ．６ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 、ρ（ Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５） ＝ １８ ．２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 、ρ（ Ｎ Ｈ３ － Ｎ） ≈０ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 、色度＝ ４０（ 倍） 、ｎ（ 大肠菌群数） ＝ ２００ 个 Ｌ－ １ ．达到 Ｇ Ｂ１６８８９ － １９９７《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》中对垃圾渗滤液排放要求的二级标准     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD与甲基橙相互作用中的热力学研究

用平衡渗析法研究了有机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与甲基橙（ＭＯ）在２０，２５，３０，３５℃下相互作用的热力学，求得结合常数Ｋ和热力学参数△Ｇ，△Ｈ，△Ｓ，在对不同絮凝剂结构进行表征的基础上，探讨了不同ＰＡＮ，ＤＣＤ配比对合成的絮凝剂与ＭＯ相互作用的影响，结果表明：ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与ＭＯ的相互作用中能量作用是主要的：随ＰＡＮ与ＤＣＤ的比值增大，合成的絮凝剂ＰＤ１，ＰＤ２，ＰＤ３在常温下与ＭＯ的结合程试     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition, Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO_x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^-9 cm³ s^-1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO_x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO_x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235-460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO_x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition,Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

Abstract

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO _x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^?9 cm³ s^?1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO _x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO _x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235–460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO _x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

Prediction of non-methane hydrocarbons in Kuwait using regression and Bayesian kriged Kalman model

This article describes the hierarchical Bayesian approach for predicting average hourly concentrations of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in Kuwait where records of six monitor stations located in different sites are observed at successive time points. Our objective is to predict the concentration level of NMHC in unmonitored areas. Here an attempt is made for the prediction of unmeasured concentration of NMHC at two additional locations in Kuwait. We will implement a kriged Kalman filter (KKF) hierarchical Bayesian approach assuming a Gaussian random field, a technique that allows the pooling of data from different sites in order to predict the exposure of the NMHC in different regions of Kuwait. In order to increase the accuracy of the KKF we will use other statistical models such as imputation, regression, principal components, and time series analysis in our approach. We considered four different types of imputation techniques to address the missing data. At the primary level, the logarithmic field is modeled as a trend plus Gaussian stochastic residual model. The trend model depends on hourly meteorological predictors which are common to all sites. The residuals are then modeled using KKF, and the prediction equation is derived conditioned on adjoining hours. On this basis we developed a spatial predictive distribution for these residuals at unmonitored sites. By transforming the predicted residuals back to the original data scales, we can impute Kuwait’s hourly non-methane hydrocarbons field.     

砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性的影响

选取砖厂废气排放方向种植的橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）品系＂云研77-2＂为研究对象,在距离砖厂200、400、600 m处设置3个研究点,研究分析砖厂排放废气污染对橡胶树光合参数的影响。结果表明：砖厂废气排放对3个不同距离处橡胶树叶片光合参数有显著影响（P〈0.05）。随着橡胶树与砖厂距离的缩近,即污染加剧,橡胶树叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、最大光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和叶绿素含量（Chl）均呈下降趋势;最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）和最大荧光比（Fv/Fm）也下降,初始荧光（Fo）升高。该研究结果证明,砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性有显著影响：相距砖厂600 m范围内,越靠近砖厂,橡胶树叶片光合特性越低。     

Analysis of air pollution at Shuaiba industrial area in Kuwait

A study has been conducted over a period of one year on measurements of air pollution in the Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) of Kuwait. The study included analysis of pollutant behaviour relative to the wind speed and direction. SIA comprises several large scale industries including three petroleum refineries, two power plants, two fertilizer plants, a cement plant, a chlorine and soda plant, a commercial harbour and two large oil loading terminals. Measurements of 15 parameters have been carried out every 5 minutes using a mobile laboratory fitted with an automatic calibrator and a data storage system. The pollutants studied include methane, non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NO, NO₂, and NO _x ), sulphur dioxide, ozone and suspended dust. Meteorological parameters monitored simultaneously include wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and barometric pressure. The air quality data collected using the mobile laboratory have been used to calculate the diurnal and monthly variations in the major primary and secondary pollutants. Distribution levels of these pollutants relative to wind direction and speed have also been used in the analysis. The results show large diurnal variations in some pollutant concentrations. Generally, two types of concentration variations have been found, depending on whether the species is a primary or a secondary pollutant. Diurnal variations with two maxima were observed in the concentrations of primary pollutants including NO, SO₂, NMHC, CO and suspended dust, whereas a single maximum was observed for secondary pollutants such as O₃and NO₂. The monthly variations of SO₂and NO _x showed maximum values during the warm months. However, ozone showed a quite marked seasonal variation with maxima during spring and late summer and a minimum during the early summer. The results also indicated a common source for NO _x , SO₂, NMHC, CO and suspended dust to the North‐West (NW) of the monitoring station. Moreover for NO _x and SO₂, another less significant source is to the South‐South‐West (SSW) and South‐West (SW) of the monitoring station.     

湿地生态系统碳汇与碳源过程的控制因子和临界条件

湿地生态系统由于其自身的结构组分特征,已成为地球表层系统中最为重要的碳汇。但是近年来对于湿地系统的不合理开发利用、降水减少等原因使其碳＂汇＂功能减弱,湿地的碳蓄积能力下降且有转变为碳＂源＂的趋势。文章从湿地生态系统的水份、植物类型、土壤厚度、微生物（底物、pH、温度、氧化还原条件）等方面总结了影响湿地碳汇/源过程的控制因子和临界交替条件。湿地水位的高低决定湿地的氧气环境,与甲烷产生量成正相关,但却与二氧化碳产生量有一定的负相关关系。湿地植物通过通气组织与根系分泌物等影响湿地碳的吸收与排放通量,湿地植株的高度、覆盖率等也是影响湿地作为碳汇与碳源的重要因素。不同深度土层由于其产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌等微生物活性不同导致各个土层碳吸收、排放通量的差异,通常浅层土壤中的CO2、CH4的产生率高于深层土壤。微生物的活跃程度直接影响到湿地碳的吸收与排放,影响活跃程度的因素包括湿地底物、pH、温度与氧化还原条件等。湿地底物浓度的增加会在一定程度上提高甲烷的产生率,中性或者是弱碱性环境是产甲烷菌的最适宜条件,在一定范围内温度越高,甲烷产生量越大,而温度对于二氧化碳的影响则是通过改变光合作用来实现。氧化还原电位与甲烷产生量成负相关关系,-150 mV是产甲烷菌产生甲烷的最高电位。总体上,由于湿地生态系统的复杂性和碳吸收与排放过程的复杂,以上这些因子相互作用,且在一定条件下会相互转化。最后针对如何充分发挥湿地生态系统的碳＂汇＂功能,控制湿地向碳＂源＂转化的条件措施方面进行了讨论,包括间歇灌溉、种植多年生草本植物或木本植物等来增强湿地的固碳能力。     

干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤CO2排放的主要影响因素

采用静态箱-气象色谱法对干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤系统、土壤-植被系统的CO2排放通量进行了测定,并对土壤 CO2排放通量的主要影响因素,包括土壤碳氮质量分数、土壤温度、气温、土壤水分体积分数、生物量进行了测定分析,从而得到了苜蓿生长季内CO2排放通量规律及影响土壤CO2排放的主要因素。结果表明：观测期内各个年限土壤-植被系统与土壤系统的CO2排放趋势基本一致,总体表现为4a〉5a〉8a〉3a〉1a,表现出“夏季高秋季低”的季节变化规律,具有明显的季节变化动态,各样地CO2通量在7月中旬达到最高排放通量;土壤CO2排放通量与0~20 cm土层内土壤有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数、土壤C：N及土壤全N质量分数都具有正相关关系,并且都达到了显著水平;土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm土壤温度和大气温度都有正相关关系,并且显著水平很高（P＜0.001）;土壤CO2排放通量与0~10 cm土壤水分体积分数之间没有显著的相关性（P〉0.05）;土壤CO2排放通量与地上部分生物量的大小有直接的正相关关系,并且CO2排放通量与地上生物量具有相同的变化趋势。     

土壤温室气体产生与排放影响因素研究进展

土壤是温室气体(如CO2、CH4和N2O)产生的重要源,土壤温室气体主要来自于微生物呼吸,植物根呼吸和土壤动物呼吸。土壤温室气体排放机制及其影响因素是研究全球碳氮循环的重要组成部分。研究表明,影响土壤呼吸的因素很多,土壤理化性质如温度、含水量、有机质含量、pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、土壤质地等因素都可以直接影响土壤微生物量及其生理生化过程,从而影响温室气体排放。其中,土壤温度,湿度、有机质含量是关键性因素。此外,地域气候、土地利用以及土地覆盖变化也可以通过改变土壤理化性质及呼吸底物来影响温室气体排放。文章重点论述了土壤温室气体排放机制,排放影响因素以及排放的日变化和季节变化规律。认为今后的研究方向应该是土壤微环境碳氮循环机制,土壤呼吸模型在尺度上的推延,以及注重中国陆地与近海生态系统碳固定及减少碳排放的对策和应用技术研究,特别在人工林碳固定及农业固碳减排方面加大研究力度等。     

Removal of multicomponent VOCs in off-gases from an oil refining wastewater treatment plant by a compost-based biofilter system

Waste gases from oil refining wastewater treatment plants are often characterized by the presence of multicomponent and various concentrations of compounds. An evaluation of the performance and feasibility of removing multicomponent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in off-gases from oil refining wastewater treatment plants was conducted in a pilot-scale compost-based biofilter system. This system consists of two identical biofilters packed with compost and polyethylene (PE). This paper investigates the effects of various concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and empty bed residence time (EBRT) on the removal efficiency of NMHC. Based on the experimental results and practical applications, an EBRT of 66 s was applied to the biofilter system. The removal efficiencies of NMHC were within the range of 47%–100%. At an EBRT of 66 s, the average removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, and xylene were more than 99%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. The results demonstrated that multicomponent VOCs in off-gases from the oil refining wastewater treatment plant could be successfully removed in the biofilter system, which may provide useful information concerning the design criteria and operation of full-scale biofilters.