枝江县西部近江低丘地带的橙类栽培条件

枝江县域西部近江低丘地带指沿长江向内纵深8～10km的丘陵地带,包括猇亭、安福寺、白洋、顾店、瑶华5个乡(镇)。海拔100～225m,相对高差20～60m,坡度<20度,多为黄棕壤,土壤pH值为5.6～7.2,有机质1.0％～2.3％,宜柑面积7300ha。西部近江低丘地带小气候条件优越,适宜橙类栽培。县域西北部为温州蜜柑最适宜区,宽皮柑桔主产区;猇亭、安福寺、白洋一带属低山河谷柑橙适载区。     

贵州桦木资源现状与开发利用策略

贵州桦木种类有7个,其中桦木属有4个种,桤木属有3个种。光皮桦和旱冬瓜是分布最广的两个种,全省各地均有分布。传统林业主产区的现有桦木资源数量比非主产区小,现有桦木资源以中、幼林为主,中、幼林的面积和蓄积超过98%,近、成熟林和过熟林资源相对非常少。贵州桦木资源开发利用应系统开展良种选育研究,加强抚育管理、综合改造"三低"林分,科学规划、合理布局良种基地,采用良种良法营造高效用材林基地。     

富铜米的生产技术

富铜米的生产技术为：选择土壤有机质含量高的水稻田,施足基肥,精耕细作;施用７－５ｋｇ／ｈａ～２２．５ｋｇ／ｈａ的硫酸铜和适量的速效氮、磷、钾肥混合后作耙面肥或作早期追肥施入田中;选用良种,栽插适龄壮秧,合理密植,进行科学肥水管理,防治病虫害及适时收割、加工。本技术简便易行、实用性强,可使稻米富铜、优质、高产。用本技术生产的稻米比用常规方法生产的稻米的含铜量提高了１倍～２倍富铜米的生产技术     

樱桃李

樱桃李属特晚熟品种,于8月中下旬成熟,挂果密集,无大小年之分。果皮呈深褐色,果实呈樱桃形(心脏形),酷似桃形李和油奈李,橙黄色;核似核桃,核肉分离,核重06ｇ～11ｇ;单果重以70ｇ～90ｇ为多,最大的180ｇ。樱桃李属高糖份水果,成熟果含糖量达19%,果实香味浓郁,肉质稍硬而脆...     

树脂纳米零价铁催化过硫酸钠降解甲基橙的研究

采用树脂负载零价纳米铁（NZVI-resin）作为铁源,活化过硫酸钠,产生硫酸根自由基氧化降解偶氮染料甲基橙。考察了温度、NZVI-resin加入量、pH值及过硫酸钠的浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,并对其降解动力学规律作了初步探讨。结果表明：降解反应遵循准一级反应动力学,在pH=3.0、Fe0=0.2 g.L-1、Na2S2O8=1.33 g.L-1的条件下,30 mg.L-1的甲基橙溶液降解率为99.7%。     

农作物优化组合栽培方法

本方法是一种将小麦和玉米、玉米和大豆优化组合的栽培方法。它将小麦与玉米间种,玉米与大豆间种,６行小麦,兼种一行玉米,小麦行距为２０ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ,玉米株行距为２０ｃｍ～２５ｃｍ×２０ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ。本方法能高度集约地利用地势、地理条件,增强利用光能,使农作物的通风性能好,节约良种,减少工序农作物优化组合栽培方法     

夏天的红富士苹果——富藤苹果

富藤苹果是以德国红富士作母本、藤牧1号作父本杂交而成。经连年结果观察有以下特点：①早熟。6月25日成熟，比藤牧1号早熟15d，比嘎拉早熟40d，成熟期居全国第一早。     

核退役过程中尿氚的测量和氚生物半衰期的研究

用蒸馏和液体闪烁计数法测量了中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所原工作地点核退役过程中直接接触氚和间接接触氚工作人员的尿样,氚浓度在102～105Bq／L,最大氚浓度为2.7×105Bq／L,折合剂量当量约为0.19mSv。短期观测了23名氚生物半衰期,其范围为5.5～14.8d,平均值9.1d;中期观测了5名氚生物半衰期,其范围为7.6～9.4d,平均值为8.5d。观测的共28名工作人员氚生物半衰期与理论值10d接触,并且与国内外的观测值符合。     

咪唑银配位聚合物吸附偶氮染料研究

以咪唑银配位聚合物{Ag（im）}n作吸附剂,对偶氮染料刚果红和甲基橙的吸附进行了研究,结果表明：刚果红的最佳吸附条件是吸附剂加入量为31．5mg,温度为30℃,pH值为3,吸附时间为70min,最高染料脱除率为90。7％;甲基橙的最佳吸附条件是吸附剂加入量为36．7mg,温度为30℃,pH值为2,吸附时间为50min,最高染料脱除率为58．3％。     

世界磷矿石的供需状况

本文论述了全世界磷矿石的供需状况,展望了未来磷矿石的资源量及其市场前景。一、世界磷矿石工业磷矿石与氮、钾肥是全世界发展农业必不可少的物质。当土壤中缺乏这些物质时,必须进行补充,粮食才能获得高产。在全世界的化肥使用量中,磷肥占85%～95%.本文所指的磷矿石是已开采或选矿后的产品。磷矿石可通过湿处理而转换成磷酸,通过电炉加热而析出磷,或可直接应用于酸性土壤中。1.产量1985年世界上30个国家的磷矿石产量见表1。从表1所见,美国、苏联和摩洛哥是世界上最大的3     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.