基于TOPMODEL径流模拟的黑河水资源探讨

以黑河莺落峡流域的精度30m、地形图比例尺1：5万的数字高程模型(DEM)栅格网为基础，辅以黑河地区水文站点降水资料，运用PRISM算法内插降水要素，充分考虑高程、地形、距离等因子对降水的影响，在内插结果与实测资料对比精度满意的前提下，使用TOPMODEL对黑河莺落峡流域(10009km^2)径流流量进行逐日模拟，模型模拟精度达70％左右。     

黑河流域生物生产量分布趋势测算研究

黑河流域地处干旱地带,水资源紧缺,天然绿洲植被迅速退化,流域的生态环境状况十分严峻。本文应用迈阿密模型以及作者提出的修正方法,对黑河流域的生物生产量进行了测算及分布趋势分析,所得结果对黑河流域以及西北干旱地区的水土资源利用和生态环境保护具有应用价值     

黑河流域生物生产量分布趋势测算研究

黑河流域地处干旱地带,水资源紧缺,天然绿洲植迅速退化,流域的生态环境状况十分严峻。本文应用迈阿密模型以及作者提出的修正方法,对黑河流域的生物生产量进行了测算及分布趋势分析,所得结果对黑河流域以及西北干旱地区的水土资源利用和生态环境保护具有应用价值。     

基于MIKESHE模型的潮河流域土地利用与降水变化对水文的影响评价

运用多测站校正检验机制率定方法,应用MIKESHE模型量化评价土地利用与降水变化对流域水文的影响。结果表明,尽管MIKESHE模型在流域上游大阁站的模拟性能稍逊于下会站和戴营站,3个测站校正和验证阶段的Nash-sutchliffe系数值分别为0.56和0.49、0.65和0.69、0.57和0.68,但模型对于各测站平均径流的模拟效果较好,说明该模型在潮河流域等华北土石山区具有一定的适用性和应用潜力。与基准期(1963—1979年)相比,1980—1989年潮河流域年径流量减少约22 mm,土地利用与降水变化对流域水文变化的贡献相当,两者分别占总径流变化的59%和41%;1990—1999年年径流量较基准期基本没有变化,这主要是由于降水变化与土地利用变化对流域水文的影响作用相反;2000—2008年,流域年径流量较基准期减少35 mm,降水变化对径流减少的影响作用占80%,土地利用变化则占20%。     

黑河流域土地退化分类研究

黑河流域位于我国的西北内陆干旱区。人类不合理利用水资源造成的土地退化，已成为黑河流域一个非常严重的生态问题。土地荒漠化是该流域最典型和最严重的土地退化形式。对该流域土地退化的空间分布、特点、退化面积等方面还没有较为详细的研究，因此探讨这个问题就显得非常重要。文章通过最新的遥感影像资料(2000年)，在分析已有的研究成果的基础上，结合野外调查，利用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，初步分析了黑河流域土地退化的情况。研究结果表明，黑河流域土地退化主要有5种类型，即：水土流失、干旱化、植被退化、盐渍化和沙漠化。土地退化面积达29971．91km^2，占整个流域面积的23．06％；其中，水土流失主要分布在祁连山的南部山区，面积为5747．68km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的19．18％，主要是由于过度开垦和放牧造成的；由于人类活动的影响，造成水资源在时空上的重新分配而导致的干旱化土地主要分布在山前部分冲、洪积平原的河流沿岸附近，其面积为1369.96km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的4．57％；盐渍化土地是该流域土地退化的主要类型之一，面积为10591．82km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35．34％，分布在流域的低地、冲积扇的边缘等位置，主要是由于干旱的气候条件造成的；沙化土地，包括流动沙丘(地)，是研究区土地退化面积最大的类型，为10771．97km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35.94％，这其中也包括历史时期形成的沙漠和现代形成的大部分沙地；植被退化土地面积为1490．48km^2，只占整个流域土地退化面积的4．97％。通过分析可知，黑河流域土地退化严重，特别是在下游地区。人类不合理的经济活动，尤其是对该流域内有限水资源的不合理利用，是导致该地区土地生态系统脆弱的主要因素。     

泾河流域的降水径流影响及其空间尺度效应

研究降水的径流影响对干旱半干旱地区水资源管理具有重要指导意义,但目前对其空间尺度效应定量研究还不深入,限制了研究结果的跨尺度应用。以黄土高原泾河流域为例,利用13个子流域的多年降水和径流数据,定量评价了降水的径流影响随流域面积增大的尺度效应。研究表明:泾河流域降水和径流空间差异很大,13个子流域年降水量变化在311~563mm,年径流深变化在14.17~128.05 mm。在各子流域内,年径流深随年降水量呈显著线性增加(P0.05);在子流域间,年径流深随年降水量呈显著的指数型增加(P0.05)。降水能解释45%左右的径流变化。各子流域降水-径流线性关系参数(回归系数、截距)和径流系数的变异系数随流域面积增大呈非线性减少,证实了降水-径流影响存在空间尺度效应。其中,回归系数、截距常数项绝对值的变化符合对数函数,径流系数变异系数的变化符合幂函数,说明随空间尺度增大,流域降水形成径流的能力在减弱,但维持较稳定的降水-径流关系的能力在增强。基于降水径流关系及尺度效应量化分析,提出了考虑年降水量和流域面积的跨尺度年径流深计算关系:y=a·x_1·lgx_2+b·x_1+c·lgx_2+d,其中y为年径流深(mm),x_1为年降水量(mm),x_2为流域控制面积(km~2),a、b、c、d为拟合参数。利用13个子流域年均降水、径流数据和历年的降水、径流数据及流域面积分别对上式进行拟合,检验均达极显著水平(P0.01),决定系数r~2(0.788,0.510)均大于仅考虑降水影响的降水-径流指数关系(0.469,0.443),证明考虑尺度效应的降水-径流关系优于单纯的降水-径流关系。未来还需考虑土地利用方式、流域地形等因素的影响,以更深入地认识和应用降水-径流影响的空间尺度效应,指导干旱半干旱地区的水土资源管理。     

呼伦湖流域鱼类群落结构特征及与物理生境特征关系研究

为了定量评估物理生境对鱼类群落结构及物种多样性的影响,基于呼伦湖流域2021年枯水期和丰水期2期鱼类调查数据以及采样点物理生境遥感监测数据,采用聚类分析和RDA冗余分析探究呼伦湖流域鱼类群落分布特征、物种多样性与物理生境因子(包括岸线分维数、水面面积和高程值)之间的关系。结果表明,物理生境和鱼类群落可划分为具有明显空间分布规律的4个组群,且物理生境和鱼类群落空间分布存在较高相似度。呼伦湖流域鱼类群落多样性受到分维数、水面面积和高程值生境因子的影响,其中水面面积和高程值影响较大。此外,不同鱼类群落分布对生境因子响应存在差异,呼伦湖流域鱼类优势种贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)和红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)群落分布与高程值呈正相关,定居杂食性鱼类黑龙江鰟鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)、鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)群落分布与水面面积呈显著正相关,而肉食性鱼类鲇(Silurus asotus)和黑斑狗鱼(Esox reicherti)群落分布与分维数呈显著正相...     

气候变化背景下近15 a乌梁素海流域植被动态变化

以内蒙古乌梁素海流域为研究对象,利用SPOT-VGT NDVI、数字高程模型(DEM)和气象数据,分析了1999—2013年流域植被覆盖变化及其海拔效应,并结合年平均气温和年降水量变化,探讨了流域植被变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明,乌梁素海流域植被覆盖度总体较低,NDVI多年平均值仅为0.213;1999—2013年乌梁素海流域94.8%的区域植被覆盖呈明显增加趋势,2013年NDVI年平均值比1999年增加22.4%;乌梁素海流域的植被覆盖表现为随高程增加而减少的趋势,1999—2013年NDVI年变化率随高程的变化趋势显著,仅在海拔梯度1 000 m处出现显著减小趋势(Mann-Kendall检验的统计值Z-1.64),在其余海拔高度均呈显著增加趋势(Z1.64);1999—2013年乌梁素海流域NDVI年平均值变化与年降水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与年平均气温呈负相关(P0.05)。     

水分变化对若尔盖高寒湿地木里薹草(Carex muliensis)枯落物分解及CO_2排放的影响

枯落物分解是湿地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要环节,是调控全球碳平衡的关键过程之一。深入探究枯落物分解对水分变化的响应,对于了解湿地生态系统碳动态及其对气候变化的反馈至关重要。以若尔盖高寒湿地优势植物种木里薹草(Carex muliensis)枯落物为研究对象,设置不同水量和频率的干湿交替变化试验,测定枯落物失重率以及CO_2排放量,研究枯落物分解对于水分变化的响应。结果表明,培养期间水分变化对木里薹草枯落物失重率没有显著影响。不同干湿交替处理下枯落物失重率的变化范围为31.64%～34.26%。水量、频率及两者交互作用对枯落物CO_2排放均有显著影响(P0.05)。与低水量相比,高水量处理增加了木里薹草枯落物CO_2排放量。在高水量处理下,降低降水频率可显著增加CO_2排放(P0.05),高、低频率下CO_2排放量分别为(5.28±0.24)和(10.77±0.64) g·kg~(-1)。因此,未来降水格局变化(包括降水量和降水频率变化)将对若尔盖高寒湿地木里薹草枯落物分解过程中的CO_2排放产生重要影响。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

利用1987年和2000年1：100000Landsat TM图像解译数据分析了黑河流域土地利用变化，在此基础上，采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法，评估了黑河流域土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化。结果表明，在过去的13年间，黑河流域土地利用变化总的趋势是森林、草地、河流冰川面积大幅减少，耕地、盐碱地和建筑用地迅速增加。这一变化损害了该区域的生态系统服务功能，使生态系统服务总价值(人民币)从404．22亿元／a下降到370．3亿元／a，损失率达到了8．39％。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.